浅谈加强环境现场监测规范化建设

分析了环境现场监测存在的质控体系不够完善,监测人员不够专业,监测技术相对落后,管理制度不够健全等问题.提出实现环境现场监测规范化建设,应从完善现场监测质量控制体系入手,加强监测队伍、监测装备、现场监测管理制度建设,改进和提高现场监测技术,以此满足和适应环保新形势对环境现场监测工作的要求.     

Free radicals and chromosome aberrations in leaves of woody plants as a test system for the genotoxicity of the urban environment

A new method for estimating the genotoxicity of the urban environment is proposed. The method is based on the analysis of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) rate in leaves of woody plants. The mutagenicity of the urban environment was estimated using standard test systems, including plant root meristem (kidney beans germinated in water with suspended particles collected at different points along the Temernik River) and the Ames test (silt samples were tested). Sensitivities of elm, willow, and poplar leaf meristem cells to unidentified environmental mutagenes were compared. Frequencies of chromosome aberrations (CAs) in leaves of woody plants growing at different points along the Temernik River within the Rostov-on-Don city districts differed from those in the control zone. The frequency of CAs was found to correlate with the concentration of LPO products. This allows a biochemical estimation of the malonic dialdehyde (MDA) concentration in woody plants to be used as an express test for the mutagenicity of environmental factors. An advantage of the proposed test is the possibility of monitoring the level of unidentified environmental mutagens over many years, independently of its sporadic temporal variations.     

佛山市PM_(2.5)污染特征及诱发其高污染过程天气系统分析

利用2013年佛山市8个国控大气自动监测站点ρ(PM_(2.5))监测数据,分析佛山市PM_(2.5)污染的时空分布特征,并诊断诱发PM_(2.5)高污染过程的关键天气类型。结果表明,佛山市2013年PM_(2.5)年均值为53μg/m3,高于国家二级标准,污染主要集中在三水区中部、南海区中部和禅城区北部。佛山市ρ(PM_(2.5))表现出明显的季节变化和日变化特征,秋、冬季是PM_(2.5)的高污染季节,其值夜间略高于白天,呈典型的双峰型分布,08:00—09:00短暂出现一个浓度的小峰值,推测与上班交通高峰有关。对PM_(2.5)持续高污染发生的地面天气形势分析表明,高压出海是诱发佛山市PM_(2.5)高污染事件最主要的天气类型。     

Real-world fuel consumption of light-duty passenger vehicles using on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems

• Fuel consumption (FC) from LDPVs is measured using on-board diagnostic method (OBD). • The FC of the OBD is 7.1% lower than that of the carbon balance results. • The discrepancy between the approved FC and real-world FC is 13%±18%. • There is a strong relationship (R²=0.984) between the average speed and relative FC. An increasing discrepancy between real-world and type-approval fuel consumption for light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs) has been reported by several studies. Normally, real-world fuel consumption is measured primarily by a portable emission measurement system. The on-board diagnostic (OBD) approach, which is flexible and offers high-resolution data collection, is a promising fuel consumption monitoring method. Three LDPVs were tested with a laboratory dynamometer based on a type-approval cycle, the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Fuel consumption was measured by the OBD and constant-volume sampling system (CVS, a regulatory method) to verify the accuracy of the OBD values. The results of the OBD method and the regulatory carbon balance method exhibited a strong linear correlation (e.g., R² = 0.906-0.977). Compared with the carbon balance results, the fuel consumption results using the OBD were 7.1%±4.3% lower on average. Furthermore, the real-world fuel consumption of six LDPVs was tested in Beijing using the OBD. The results showed that the normalized NEDC real-world fuel consumption of the tested vehicles was 13%±17% higher than the type-approval-based fuel consumption. Because the OBD values are lower than the actual fuel consumption, using a carbon balance method may result in a larger discrepancy between real-word and type-approval fuel consumption. By means of the operating mode binning and micro trip methods, a strong relationship (R² = 0.984) was established between the average speed and relative fuel consumption. For congested roads (average vehicle speed less than 25 km/h), the fuel consumption of LDPVs is highly sensitive to changes in average speed.     

Redox reactions of iron and manganese oxides in complex systems

• Mechanisms of redox reactions of Fe- and Mn-oxides were discussed. • Oxidative reactions of Mn- and Fe-oxides in complex systems were reviewed. • Reductive reaction of Fe(II)/iron oxides in complex systems was examined. • Future research on examining the redox reactivity in complex systems was suggested. Conspectus Redox reactions of Fe- and Mn-oxides play important roles in the fate and transformation of many contaminants in natural environments. Due to experimental and analytical challenges associated with complex environments, there has been a limited understanding of the reaction kinetics and mechanisms in actual environmental systems, and most of the studies so far have only focused on simple model systems. To bridge the gap between simple model systems and complex environmental systems, it is necessary to increase the complexity of model systems and examine both the involved interaction mechanisms and how the interactions affected contaminant transformation. In this Account, we primarily focused on (1) the oxidative reactivity of Mn- and Fe-oxides and (2) the reductive reactivity of Fe(II)/iron oxides in complex model systems toward contaminant degradation. The effects of common metal ions such as Mn²⁺ , Ca²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Cu²⁺, ligands such as small anionic ligands and natural organic matter (NOM), and second metal oxides such as Al, Si and Ti oxides on the redox reactivity of the systems are briefly summarized.     

Reconnecting Cities to the Biosphere: Stewardship of Green Infrastructure and Urban Ecosystem Services

Within-city green infrastructure can offer opportunities and new contexts for people to become stewards of ecosystem services. We analyze cities as social–ecological systems, synthesize the literature, and provide examples from more than 15 years of research in the Stockholm urban region, Sweden. The social–ecological approach spans from investigating ecosystem properties to the social frameworks and personal values that drive and shape human interactions with nature. Key findings demonstrate that urban ecosystem services are generated by social–ecological systems and that local stewards are critically important. However, land-use planning and management seldom account for their role in the generation of urban ecosystem services. While the small scale patchwork of land uses in cities stimulates intense interactions across borders much focus is still on individual patches. The results highlight the importance and complexity of stewardship of urban biodiversity and ecosystem services and of the planning and governance of urban green infrastructure.     

Impacts of Nomad Sedentarization on Social and Ecological Systems at Multiple Scales in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,China

China’s government is now promoting the Nomad Sedentarization Project (NSP) in large areas of grassland as a solution for ecological restoration and poverty alleviation. To examine the effects of this policy, we conducted in-depth interviews at two of the project’s sites and examined the social and ecological systems at village, county, and catchment scales in Jinghe County of Xinjiang. We found that (1) the NSP in one village greatly improved the household standard of living and changed their resource utilization modes; (2) the success in this village can be attributed to resources imported from the social and ecological systems at larger scales, and could not be repeated in a second nearby village with different constraints; and (3) the NSP is poorly adapted to local ecosystem characteristics, and may therefore have negative impacts at larger scales. To avoid these problems, holistic assessments are necessary to judge the NSP’s impacts on social and ecological systems at multiple scales, and the program must be implemented cautiously to account for the potential risks in ecologically vulnerable areas.     

Sugarcane straw management and soil attributes on alachlor and diuron sorption in highly weathered tropical soils

This research evaluated the effects of the new sugarcane harvesting system (without straw burning) and soil attributes on the organic carbon (OC) accumulation and sorption of alachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide) and diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) in highly weathered Brazilian soils. Alachlor was more likely to leach (K _d,app = 1.0–7.0 L kg^?1 and mean K _oc,app = 174 L kg^?1) than diuron (K _d,app = 6.2–116.3 L kg^?1 and mean K _oc,app = 1789 L kg^?1). The sorption coefficient (K _d,app) values correlated better with soil OC contents, but the Fe-oxides also played an important role in these highly weathered soils. Sorption was enhanced in the areas without straw burning mostly due to OC accumulation that was higher in the clayey soils, but it was not enough to change their mobility classification.     

合流制排水系统降雨径流初期冲刷效应

通过对昆明主城区3个集水区合流制排水系统10次降雨径流过程水质水量的监测,计算了污染物的次降雨平均浓度(EMC),并采用无因次累积负荷体积分数曲线(M(V)曲线)和初期冲刷系数方法对初期冲刷现象进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)对于同一个常规污染指标,不同集水区的EMC平均值没有较明显差异,但都表现出较高浓度的污染特征。不同集水区总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、COD、TN和TP的EMC平均值分别为140.18~174.11、144.65~161.78、21.44~23.18、1.80~2.35mg/L。(2)3个集水区所有观测降雨事件中,TP、TN、COD和TSS的初期30%径流量所对应的污染物累积负荷量(FF30)平均值分别为38.7%、37.1%、40.7%、44.6%;TSS和COD的初期冲刷强度明显较TP和TN变化更剧烈,不同污染物初期冲刷强度依次为TSSCODTPTN。(3)对于合流制排水系统,在区域特征相近情况下,汇水面积越小则初期冲刷效应越显著。而当汇水面积大到一定程度时,不同集水区之间初期冲刷强度没有显著差异。(4)降雨量、平均雨强和最大雨强与合流制排水系统的初期冲刷强度呈显著的正相关性,是影响其初期冲刷的重要水文参数;降雨历时和前期晴天与其初期冲刷强度没有显著相关性,两者对初期冲刷无明显影响。