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991.
Integrated Coastal Zone Management as a strategy for achieving conservation and sustainable multiple use of the coastal zone
includes various types of management initiatives. Due to natural phenomena such as tides and winds and to social and economic
activities, coastal areas undergo transformation. Coastal erosion and the disappearance of beaches as a result of wrong planning
decisions and lack of effective legislation are among the most damaging effects and to reverse them requires application of
a series of engineering techniques. Beach nourishment projects as a way towards shore protection and utilization through recreational
purposes in the Spanish and Italian coasts are noteworthy in this respect.
In beach nourishment projects, the roles of various entities, both public and private, should be clearly indicated and in
the evaluation and execution stage a series of questions should be answered for the successful completion of any nourishment
project. Past projects in the Mediterranean and experiences from recent Italian projects in Anzio and Nettuno confirm this.
For example, dredging of the entrance channel of the port of Anzio enabled middle-sized ferryboats once again to enter the
port (which had not been possible before). This will in turn increase the tourism potential of the town. Nourishment of two
beaches at these sites prevented further erosion and provided more area for recreational purposes. Expected economic contribution
of beach nourishments to the regional authority was estimated for Nettuno and Anzio; the resulting theoretical payback period
was found to be 3 yr for the former and 15 yr for the latter. 相似文献
992.
993.
马官喀斯特地下水库的渗漏分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对马官地下水库渗漏的大量野外勘测、观测、水化学资料的分析及库区喀斯特发育规律的研究,基本查清了马官地下水库渗漏的原因、渗漏的具体方位、渗漏量,探讨了库盆渗漏与蓄水年限、以及与地下水流的侵蚀、溶蚀的关系;根据研究结果,提出了马官地下水库防渗处理的几点措施。 相似文献
994.
岩溶山区表土中~7Be、~(137)Cs、~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的地球化学相分配及其侵蚀示踪意义 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
岩溶山区表土中7Be、137Cs、226Ra和228Ra地球化学相分配的实验研究表明,4种核素绝大部分(85%以上)存在于FeMn氧化物、有机质及残渣相中.它们在表土的迁移过程中具微粒迁移性,能较好地随土粒般运,可作为土粒侵蚀或沉积的示踪剂.但其微粒示踪类型又各具特征:7Be的化学形态与其季节性微粒迁移示踪一致;137Cs的化学形态适用于示踪土粒累计性迁移和沉积计年;226Ra和228Ra存在于粘土矿物结晶骨架中,在表土中主要以残渣相存在,由矿物化学风化作用而转入可溶解、可交换及碳酸盐结合相的比例很小,二者比活度的形态变化分异具有很好的侵蚀堆积示踪价值. 相似文献
995.
Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: a review 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Significant quantities of cadmium (Cd) have been added to the soils globally due to various anthropogenic activities, raising concerns for environmental health. Microorganisms play a unique role in the soil ecosystem, because of their contributions to soil fertility. Contrasting trends, reported on the toxic effects of heavy metals including Cd on soil microorganisms and their activities, are attributable to short-term studies often limited to a single soil type and conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. There is a paucity of reliable field data on Cd alone, since most field studies on Cd-microorganism interactions in soils are based on sewage sludge containing multimetals and organic substances. No single parameter can be used to generalize Cd toxicity and different parameters can provide contrasting results. A battery of relevant tests, rather than just one single assay, involving important microbial activities should therefore be included in ecotoxicity studies. The bioavailability of Cd and associated toxicity to soil biota vary with time, soil type, speciation, ageing, Cd-source, organisms and the environmental factors. The available fraction or soil solution Cd, and not the total concentration of Cd, seems to correlate well with the toxicity parameters. 相似文献
996.
通过红黄泥和紫潮泥两种土壤淹水培养和硒的价态测定结果表明:在450mV培养下,外加Se(Ⅵ)第1天有57.2%仍保持Se(Ⅵ),23.4%还原为有机Se,培养过程中Se(Ⅵ)呈稳定态,有机Se则氧化成Se(Ⅵ),反应为准一级动力学方程;在175mV培养下,外加Se(Ⅵ)第1天有81.8%还原为有机Se,8.9%还原为有机Se,8.9%为Se(Ⅵ),培养过程中有机Se呈稳定态,Se(Ⅵ)则还原为Se(Ⅵ),反应符合动力学一级方程。土壤中Se(Ⅵ)/Se(Ⅳ)体系氧化还原反应的临界电位为71.4mV-206.1mV(pH7.0),土壤pH上升1个单位,电位相应降低40.1mV.Se(Ⅵ)/Se(Ⅳ)体系在土壤氧化还原顺序中的反应次序居猛体系之后,与铁体系平行。 相似文献
997.
998.
Simulation models are widely used to assess the impacts of management and environmental variables on soil organic matter dynamics, to address questions on ecosystem sustainability and carbon cycling under global change. We tested the Century ecosystem model for two long-term experiments in north-eastern Italy: one (SF) comparing nutrient management treatments in small confined plots containing widely contrasting soil types (i.e., sandy, clay and peat) and the other (CR) involving a field study with crop rotation, nutrient, and management intensity variables. The organic matter changes in the SF experiment, showed a strong, linear relationship with C inputs from crop residues and added manures in the sand and clay soils, which was closely mimicked by the model. There was a net loss of soil C for all treatments in the peat soil, but the rate and overall magnitude of C losses were accurately simulated by the model, which suggested that treatment effects on soil C inputs was the major determinant of SOC dynamics in all three soils. In the CR experiment the model reasonably simulated the large initial decline (averaging about 30% of initial levels) in SOC observed in all treatments, as well as mean treatment effects over the course of the experiment. The model predicted a general pattern of higher SOC in the high management intensity, high fertility treatment combinations and lower SOC in the low management intensity, low fertility treatments; however, observed soil C did not show a clear pattern related to the treatments. Simulated soil C contents were linearly related to C input levels in the different treatments while there was no significant relationship between measured soil C and C inputs based on observed data. 相似文献
999.
1000.
G. Ruysschaert J. Poesen G. Verstraeten G. Govers 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2007,120(2-4):153-165
Soil erosion studies on cropland usually only consider water, wind and tillage erosion. However, significant amounts of soil are also lost from the field during the harvest of crops such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.), cassava (Manihot spp.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). During the harvest soil adhering to the crop, loose soil or soil clods and rock fragments are exported from the field together with these crops.This soil erosion process is referred to as ‘soil losses due to crop harvesting’ (SLCH). Most of the studies investigated SLCH variability and its controlling factors for one crop type in similar agro-ecological environments and for comparable harvesting techniques. In this study, a compilation of SLCH studies was made in order to investigate the effect of crop type, agricultural systems, ecological conditions and harvesting technique on SLCH variability. SLCH rates ranged from few to tens of Mg ha−1 harvest−1 and SLCH was highly variable both in space and time. Comparison of four studies on SLCH for sugar beet revealed that harvesting technique and soil moisture content at harvesting time can be equally important for SLCH variability. The occurrence of soil clods harvested with the crop explained why SLCH was significantly larger for mechanically harvested potato in Belgium compared to manually harvested potato in China. SLCH values for manually harvested sugar beet, potato, cassava and sweet potato in China and Uganda were in general smaller than SLCH values for mechanically harvested sugar beet, potato and witloof chicory roots measured in Belgium and France. However, SLCH may also vary significantly within Europe due to differences in harvesting techniques. Soil moisture content at harvesting time was besides harvesting technique one of the key factors controlling SLCH variability. There were no systematic differences in SLCH between crop types, although the soil–crop contact area–crop mass ratio could explain more than 40% of the means from several SLCH studies. 相似文献