Histopathological and biochemical alterations of the earthworm (Lumbricus Terrestris) as biomarker of soil pollution along Porsuk River Basin (Turkey)

This study investigated biomarker responses of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in order to evaluate the soil pollution along Porsuk River Basin. Samples consisted of animals from six sites that are agricultural regions and a forested control. Histopathological and biochemical alterations were examined. Significant histopathological alterations were observed in animals from three of the sampling sites. There was an enlargement of epithelial cell lining, mucus cell hyperplasia and increase in mucus secretion. Circular and longitudinal muscles lost their structural integrity. Chloragogenous tissue was dilated and vocuolized. Necrosis was observed in the cells and tissues of some affected worms. A load of heavy metals in tissues of animals was determined. Heavy metals were found to be accumulated particularly in longitudinal muscles of animals. CAT activity was found to be increased in animals from three of the experimental sites. GST activity was also increased in five sites while it was stable in one site. The results have shown that animals from locations particularly that are close to urbanized and industrialized regions were seriously affected from the soil pollution around the basin. These results are reflecting the biological effects of soil pollution around Porsuk River Basin on the indicator organism L. terrestris and constitute an early warning of ecological change in relation to human health.     

黄河下游典型湿地土壤养分及其生态化学计量特征

土壤中碳氮磷钾是植物生长发育所需的必要养分元素,其含量和生态化学计量比能够反映土壤质量与养分限制状况.选取黄河下游河南段的花园口黄河浮桥湿地为研究对象,运用方差分析、冗余分析和线性回归拟合等研究方法,分析黄河下游典型湿地土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）、碱解氮（AN）、速效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）及其生态化学计量特征,明确土壤养分的限制性元素,揭示影响湿地土壤养分及其生态化学计量比的关键理化因子.结果表明,湿地土壤ω（SOC）、ω（TN）、ω（TP）、ω（TK）、ω（AN）、ω（AP）和ω（AK）的均值分别为： 5.46 g·kg^-1、0.60 g·kg^-1、0.28 g·kg^-1、17.06 g·kg^-1、13.75 mg·kg^-1、6.54 mg·kg^-1和158.56 mg·kg^-1,其空间分布呈现出从河岸向滩地波动增加的变化趋势,高植被盖度区普遍高于低植被盖度区,且土壤SOC、TN、TP和TK之间具有较强的相关性;土壤C/P、C/K、N/P和N/K呈现出和土壤养分一致的变化趋势,而C/N则相反;土壤SOC、TN、AN、N/P和N/K变异系数超过50.00%,其空间差异性较强;湿地土壤C/N均值为11.882,接近中国土壤均值,而C/P和N/P的均值分别为49.119和4.516,两者均低于中国土壤平均水平,并且土壤N/P远小于14,研究区土壤受N限制;土壤黏粒占比和电导率共同解释了土壤养分变异与其生态化学计量比变异的61.4%和43.9%,是影响花园口黄河浮桥湿地土壤养分和生态化学计量比的主要理化因子.研究结果有助于加深对黄河下游湿地土壤养分及其影响因素的认知,为黄河下游湿地生态修复与管理提供重要科学依据.     

Butachlor Degradation in Tropical Soils: Effect of Application Rate,Biotic-Abiotic Interactions and Soil Conditions

The degradative characteristics of butachlor (N-Butoxymethyl-2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyla- cetanilide) were studied under controlled laboratory conditions in clay loam alluvial (AL) soil (Typic udifluvent) and coastal saline (CS) soil (Typic endoaquept) from rice cultivated fields. The application rates included field rate (FR), 2-times FR (2FR) and 10-times FR (10FR). The incubation study was carried out at 30°C with and without decomposed cow manure (DCM) at 60% of maximum water holding capacity (WHC) and waterlogged soil condition. The half-life values depended on the soil types and initial concentrations of butachlor. Butachlor degraded faster in AL soil and in soil amended with DCM under waterlogged condition. Microbial degradation is the major avenue of butachlor degradation from soils.     

Degradation of Soil Environment in the Post‐Flooding Area: Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and S‐Triazine Herbicides

Impacts of flooding on the soil environment with regard to soil pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and s‐triazine (cyanazine, simazine, atriazine, propazine, prometryn) herbicides have been evaluated. No clear differences in the sum of the PAHs content were observed in the present studies. Only changes in the levels of individual PAHs were noted. In soils covered with flooding both at a depth of 0–20 and 20–40 high molecular weight PAHs were predominant (especially mutagenic and carcinogenic 5‐rings PAHs) whereas in non‐flooded areas, 2‐ and 3‐rings PAHs constituted over 80%. In the case of s‐triazine herbicides, no influence of flooding on the changes in their content in agriculturally used soils was noted. On the other hand, clearly lower levels of cyanazine, simazine and atriazine were not in the flooded forest soil as compared to the non‐flooded forest soil.     

黄土高原地区两种土地利用方式CO2和N2O排放特征

为探究黄土高原地区两种不同土地利用方式下二氧化碳(CO_2)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)的排放特征,在长武黄土高原农业生态试验站,分别以15 a树龄的果园和麦田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对土壤CO_2和N_2O的排放进行了周年(2017年7月～2018年7月)田间原位观测.试验共设置果园施肥(AF)、果园对照(ACK)、小麦施肥(WF)和小麦对照(WCK)这4个处理.结果表明,土壤CO_2和N_2O排放随季节变化明显,降雨和施肥后均出现明显排放峰.AF处理的CO_2和N_2O累积排放量比WF处理高7. 14%和461. 4%.但ACK的CO_2累积排放量比WCK低10. 41%,而N_2O的累计排放量比WCK高109. 5%.果园N_2O的排放通量与表层土壤温度、水分显著正相关(P 0. 01),果园和麦田的CO_2排放通量均与表层土壤温度显著正相关(P 0. 05),而与表层土壤水分相关性不显著.因此,田间管理和环境因素综合影响土壤CO_2和N_2O排放,施肥量和土壤水热是造成两种土地利用方式CO_2和N_2O的排放特征和温室效应差异的主要因素.     

渤海中部营养盐季节变化及限制统计分析

根据2013年7月（夏季）,11月（秋季）和2014年5月（春季）渤海中部海域营养盐数据以及温盐等数据,以浮游植物对营养盐的吸收阈值和化学计量关系为判断标准,对研究海域营养盐分布、限制状况以及季节变化特征进行分析,结果表明：调查海域内各营养盐组分变化均呈现明显季节性特征,表现为夏季低秋季上升春季下降的趋势.夏季受冲淡水影响,海水存在层化现象,溶解无机氮（DIN）、PO₄^3--P和SiO₃^2--Si含量分别为（10.33±7.75）、（0.05±0.03）和（3.94±3.19）μmol/L,DIN/P较高,Si/DIN远低于1,其中表层和10m层存在P和Si限制站位分别达93%、93%和40%、20%,限制状况严重.秋季受底层沉积物扰动再悬浮及营养盐矿化释放等因素影响,各种营养盐含量迅速上升,DIN、PO₄^3--P和SiO₃^2--Si含量为（16.44±6.51）、（0.54±0.20）和（16.94±6.37）μmol/L,分别升高了1.6、10.8和4.3倍,垂向分布差异较小,且仅存在P潜在限制现象.春季由于陆源输入相对较少,同时受浮游植物吸收等因素影响,各营养盐含量急剧下降,DIN、PO₄^3--P和SiO₃^2--Si含量分别为（9.04±8.06）、（0.06±0.04）和（2.47±1.90）μmol/L,分别降低了45%、89%和85%,其中部分站位PO₄^3--P和SiO₃^2--Si含量低于阈值,在表层和10m层海水中存在P和Si限制站位分别达70%、65%和55%、50%,对海域内硅藻作为优势种的浮游植物生长和初级生产力产生影响.     

消耗臭氧层物质对平流层臭氧的影响预测

采用美国戈达德航天中心的雨云气象卫星臭氧全球网格资料,从中截取中国大陆主体部分(69.375°E～139.375°E、14.5°N～54.5°N)的数据,分析臭氧柱浓度变化的统计特性.结果表明,1979～1998年,大陆主体上空区域的臭氧柱浓度下降趋势明显,青藏高原上空的臭氧柱浓度下降速度较全国水平略快.假定其他缔约国均履行蒙特利尔议定书的前提下,以1980年臭氧柱浓度情形为基准,利用臭氧柱浓度与消耗臭氧层物质浓度之间的关系,预测了中国履行蒙特利尔议定书与不履行两种情形下,2001～2050年中国上空臭氧柱浓度变化情况.结果表明,中国履约受控情形下,2050年大陆主体部分上空的臭氧柱浓度将与其1980年的水平相近;不受控情形下,柱浓度将持续下降,2050年整个大陆主体上空绝大部分地区臭氧柱浓度值均低于240DU.     

Remediation of Cu and As contaminated water and soil utilizing biochar supported layered double hydroxide: Mechanisms and soil environment altering

Preparing materials for simultaneous remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals contamination has always been the focus of research. Herein a biochar supported FeMnMg layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites (LB) for simultaneous remediation of copper and arsenic contamination in water and soil has been assembled by a facile co-precipitation approach. Both adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies of heavy metals removal by LB were applied to look into the adsorption performance of adsorbents in water. Moreover, the adsorption mechanisms of Cu and As by LB were investigated, showing that Cu in aqueous solution was removed by the isomorphic substitution, precipitation and electrostatic adsorption while As was removed by complexation. In addition, the availability of Cu and As in the soil incubation experiments was reduced by 35.54%–63.00% and 8.39%–29.04%, respectively by using LB. Meanwhile, the addition of LB increased the activities of urease and sucrase by 93.78%–374.35% and 84.35%–520.04%, respectively, of which 1% of the dosage was the best. A phenomenon was found that the richness and structure of microbial community became vigorous within 1% dosage of LB, which indirectly enhanced the passivation and stabilization of heavy metals. These results indicated that the soil environment was significantly improved by LB. This research demonstrates that LB would be an imaginably forceful material for the remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals in contaminated water and soil.     

农业排水沟渠硝态氮吸收动力学特征及相关性分析

为揭示农业排水沟渠NO_3~--N吸收动态变化特征,选择溴化钠(Na Br)为保守示踪剂、硝酸钾(KNO3)为添加营养盐,于2016年10月至2017年4月在合肥地区某一源头溪流开展5次示踪试验,并以TASCC方法和Michaelis-Menten(M-M)方程模拟NO_3~--N吸收动力学特征,结果表明,背景浓度条件下排水沟渠完全混合子渠段U_(amb)和V_(f-amb)的变化范围分别为11.40~69.13μg·(m~2·s)~(-1)[均值为34.45μg·(m~2·s)-1]、0.07~0.43 mm·s~(-1)(均值为0.24 mm·s~(-1)),相应地Sw-amb变化范围为92.51~405.74 m(均值为199.06 m),明显小于排水沟渠长度(也就是2.5 km),表明沟渠具有较强的NO_3~--N滞留潜力.M-M方程较好地拟合了NO_3~--N吸收动力学特征,参数Umax变化范围为158~1 280μg·(m~2·s)~(-1)[均值为631.13μg·(m~2·s)~(-1)],Km变化范围为0.16~5.52 mg·L~(-1)(均值为1.46 mg·L~(-1)).相关分析表明,Sw-amb与NO_3~--Namb呈显著负相关、Uamb与NO_3~--Namb呈极显著正相关,其它螺旋指标与NO_3~--N背景浓度的相关性均不明显;水文因素对NO_3~--N滞留影响也不显著,而沟渠槽道地貌特征指标Фw、ФA与大部分螺旋指标都呈显著相关性,表明槽道地貌特征对NO_3~--N滞留影响相对较为重要.     

Watershed protection: Capturing the benefits of nature's water supply services

Healthy watersheds provide valuable services to society, including the supply and purification of fresh water. Because these natural ecosystem services lie outside the traditional domain of commercial markets, they are undervalued and underprotected. With population and development pressures leading to the rapid modification of watershed lands, valuable hydrological services are being lost, which poses risks to the quality and cost of drinking water and the reliability of water supplies. Increasing the scale and scope of programmes to protect hydrological services requires policies that harmonize land uses in watersheds with the provision of these important natural services. This article summarizes key attributes of hydrological services and their economic benefits; presents a spectrum of institutional mechanisms for safeguarding those services; discusses programmes in Quito (Ecuador), Costa Rica and New York City; and offers some lessons learned and recommendations for achieving higher levels of watershed protection.