Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle, waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs (Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food, as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its limitations.     

上海市沿海防护林下土壤养分、微生物及酶的典型相关关系

以上海市沿海防护林为研究对象,选择6种不同树种的防护林带,采集0～10、10～20、20～40、40～60cm四层土样为研究材料,运用典型相关分析法,对防护林地土壤养分因子、微生物因子和酶活性因子中每两组变量间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：三组变量土壤养分、微生物、酶活性中,每两者之间均有显著的典型相关变量存在,而且基本能够代表变量总体相关信息;土壤养分和土壤微生物间的相关主要由全氮、速效磷含量与微生物生物量氮、微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量磷引起;土壤养分与土壤酶活性间的相关性主要由全氮、有效磷、水解氮含量与脲酶、蛋白酶活性的相关性引起;土壤微生物与土壤酶活性间的相关性主要是由微生物生物量氮、微生物生物量磷与脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的相关性引起;不同林地不同土壤层次的养分、微生物及酶活性在各对典型变量上的聚集趋势可为防护林建设过程中的树种选择与土壤健康诊提供一定的依据。     

施用改良剂对岩溶地区矿山污染农田土壤中锌生物有效性的影响

以玉米（ZeamaysL．）为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,观测在重金属锌污染的土壤（总锌含量为1412．1mg·kg0）上施用不同改良剂（石灰、石灰＋泥炭、石灰＋胡敏酸钠、石灰＋泥炭＋硅肥、石灰＋胡敏酸钠＋硅肥,分别简称S、SN、SH、SNG、SHG）对土壤锌形态、生物有效性及其在作物中富集的影响。结果表明,施用各种改良剂均显著提高土壤pH值,显著降低土壤弱酸可溶态锌和可还原态锌含量,提高可氧化态锌和残渣态锌含量;提高玉米生物量和产量,增产效果为SHG〉SNG〉SH〉SN〉S。施人改良剂可显著降低锌在玉米不同部位的吸收和转运,植株根、茎、叶、籽粒锌富集明显下降,以SHG、SNG的效果最明昂．S的效果最小。     

利用农田系统中源汇型景观组合控制面源磷污染

通过田间调查、采样分析和小区试验,研究浙江省农田系统中源汇型景观组合及其控制面源磷污染的效果.调查表明,浙江省农田系统中源、汇配置的景观类型主要有:蔬菜地 - 稻田系统、蔬菜地 - 茭白田系统、桑园地 -稻田系统、旱地 - 稻田系统、高施肥稻田 - 低施肥稻田系统、农地(稻田、旱地) - 多塘系统、农地(稻田、旱地) - 植草水道(泥质排水沟)等.不同利用方式农田排水中磷含量有较大的差异,总磷平均含量为桑园>蔬菜地>稻田、小麦田、油菜田>休闲地>茭白田.小区试验表明,利用蔬菜地(旱地) - 稻田 - 茭白系统、蔬菜 - 稻田系统、桑园 - 稻田系统和蔬菜地 - (多)水塘系统可明显降低磷流失.建议对某些养分流失严重的农业流域,通过调整土地利用方式和增加养分汇型景观面积来控制农业面源污染.     

降雨与植被耦合关系对土壤侵蚀的影响分析——以密云水库上游为例

基于TRMM降雨降雨资料时间序列数据和MODIS-NDVI16d合成产品的时间序列数据,分析密云水库上游降雨与植被的耦合关系对侵蚀的影响。结果表明：（1）侵蚀将发生在降雨强度大,同时植被覆盖差的时段,而密云水库上游地区植被的年内生长曲线形态与降雨的分布形态相似性较大,表明研究区的植被具有较好的保护水土能力;（2）研究区侵蚀主要发生在7—8月,而在1—3月以及11—12月几乎不会发生侵蚀;（3）研究区侵蚀的发生与植被覆盖有很紧密的联系,大部分的侵蚀发生在植被覆盖差的＂其他＂类内。研究方法可以清楚地了解研究区内降雨与植被的耦合关系及对侵蚀的影响,研究的结果将为在年内选择具有代表性的时段分析侵蚀状况提供很好的参考资料。     

三江源区不同建植年代人工草地群落演替与土壤养分变化

研究了了三源区不同建植期人工修复草地在不同演替阶段毒杂草[主要是甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)]的入侵规律、数量特征,植物群落物种组成、生物苗和草地质最以及土壤养分、微生物活性的变化规律.结果表明,不同建植期人工修复草地植物群落的种类组成、植物功能群组成和群落数量特征存在显著差异.随着演替时间的推移,人工草地群落盖度、高度、物种数、生物最和多样性指数均表现出"V"字型变化规律,杂类草--甘肃马先蒿的数量特征变化尤为明显,在4 a的人工草地群落中开始局部入侵,在5～6 a的人工草地群落中大面积入侵,其入侵速度、入侵面积达到高峰期.土壤的含水量、容重、土壤中有机质、氮素和磷素在演替过程(7 a、9 a草地)中逐渐降低,到一定时期又逐步增加;随着演替的进行,不同建植期人工草地的土壤微牛物生物量碳和酶活性均呈"V"字型,变化.对于退化生态系统的恢复首先是植被恢复,其次是土壤肥力的恢复.土壤有机质等养分的积累、微生物活性的改善不仅能使土壤-植物复合系统的功能得以恢复,同时也能促进物种多样性的形成,有利于人工草地群落稳定性的提高.在试验区尽管植被恢复演替进行得比较缓慢,但从土壤发展的角度看,仍属进展演替.所以,在退化高寒草甸的恢复过程中,若降低和有效控制外界的干扰(如围栏封育),可为退化草地恢复提供繁殖体与土壤环境,实现人工草地逐步向恢复(正向)演替进行.图3表6参34     

多溴联苯醚、六溴环十二烷和四溴双酚A在环境中污染现状的研究进展

作为最主要的三大传统溴系阻燃剂(BFRs),多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、六溴环十二烷(HBCD)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)具有半挥发性、环境持久性和远距离传输性,目前在全球各种环境介质、生物体内广泛存在.毒理学研究表明,PBDEs、HBCD、TBBPA均具有明显的生物毒性和致癌性,对生态环境和人体健康存在潜在危害.本文简...     

Coupling a land use model and an ecosystem model for a crop-pasture zone

This paper describes the development of a land use model coupling ecosystem processes. For a given land use pattern in a region, a built-in regional ecosystem model (TESim) simulates leaf physiology of plants, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and hydrological processes including runoff generation and run-on re-absorption, as well as runoff-induced soil erosion and carbon and nitrogen loss from ecosystems. The simulation results for a certain period from 1976 to 1999 were then used to support land use decisions and to assess the impacts of land use changes on environment. In the coupling model, the land use type for a land unit was determined by optimization of a weighted suitability derived from expert knowledge about the ecosystem state and site conditions. The model was applied to the temperate crop-pasture band in northern China (CCPB) to analyze the interactions between land use and major ecosystem processes and functions and to indicate the added value of the feedbacks by comparing simulations with and without the coupling and feedbacks between land use module and ecosystem processes. The results indicated that the current land use in CCPB is neither economical nor ecologically judicious. The scenario with feedbacks increased NPP by 46.78 g C m⁻² a⁻¹, or 32.23% of the scenario without feedbacks, also decreased soil erosion by 0.65 kg m⁻² a⁻¹, or 23.13%. Without altering the regional land use structure (proportions of each land use type). The system developed in this study potentially benefits both land managers and researchers.     

微塑料与污染物相互作用的研究进展

微塑料广泛存在于环境中,其比表面积大、吸附性强,可吸附环境中的重金属、有机物、微生物等污染物,并改变它们在环境中的归趋;同时,这些污染物也会影响微塑料的性质及其在环境中的吸附、迁移、降解等行为,进而对生态环境产生潜在风险.开展微塑料与污染物的相互作用研究是进行微塑料环境风险评价的基础.当前相关研究多集中于微塑料的分布及...     

多氯联苯醚类化合物污染研究进展

综述了当前国际上多氯联苯醚的研究现状,详细论述了环境中多氯联苯醚的来源、毒性效应、污染状况、迁移转化和生物富集规律以及多氯联苯醚形成机制.我国关于多氯联苯醚类污染物的研究相对滞后,当前开展适合我国国情的多氯联苯醚物质的环境水平、生态安全与毒理学研究十分必要.