Assessment of potential soybean cadmium excluder cultivars at different concentrations of Cd in soils

The selection of cadmium-excluding cultivars has been used to minimize the transfer of cadmium into the human food chain. In this experiment, five Chinese soybean plants were grown in three soils with different concentrations of Cd (0.15, 0.75 and 1.12 mg/kg). Variations in uptake, enrichment, and translocation of Cd among these soybean cultivars were studied. The results indicated that the concentration of Cd in seeds that grew at 1.12 mg/kg Cd in soils exceeded the permitted maximum levels in soybeans. Therefore, our results indicated that even some soybean cultivars grown on soils with permitted levels of Cd might accumulate higher concentrations of Cd in seeds that are hazardous to human health. The seeds of these five cultivars were further assessed for interactions between Cd and other mineral nutrient elements such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn. High Cd concentration in soil was found to inhibit the uptake of Mn. Furthermore, Fe and Zn accumulations were found to be enhanced in the seeds of all of the five soybean cultivars in response to high Cd concentration. Cultivar Tiefeng 31 was found to fit the criteria for a Cd-excluding cultivar under different concentrations of Cd in soils.     

富营养化饮用水源地山仔水库限制性营养元素研究

世界范围内关于水体富营养化的研究表明,流域尺度上营养盐的控制和削减是修复富营养化水体的关键措施,甄别水体限制性营养元素进而采取相应的控制措施是修复富营养化水体的有效途径.本文在时空格局上分析了富营养化饮用水源地山仔水库的限制性营养元素.结果表明,2003—2012年,山仔水库初级生产力的关键限制性营养元素为磷.秋、冬、春季,水体总磷浓度在0.02~0.09 mg·L-1左右,TN/TP原子比值在35~72之间,表明TP浓度相对低,磷为限制性营养元素;夏季表层水TP浓度在0.06~0.13 mg·L-1左右,TN/TP原子比值在11~13之间,表层水溶解性磷的浓度较低,磷主要蓄积在藻细胞内,由于温跃层的存在,底层释放的磷无法向表层水补给,故溶解态磷相对缺乏.总之季节变化对磷的限制性作用有显著影响.通过对山仔水库2003—2012年水体TP浓度和叶绿素a浓度相关性分析得出,修复水体需要控制的TP浓度阈值为0.028 mg·L-1.根据上述结果综合分析了已采取修复措施的效果,从而进一步提出了山仔水库富营养化的修复策略.     

微波消解/ICP-AES法测定土壤中的环境有效态金属元素

传统的土壤样品消解技术手续繁琐、费时,成为整个分析过程的薄弱环节;微波消解很好地解决了这一问题。采用微波消解技术处理土壤样品,以ICP-AES法测定Ag、As、Ba.Be、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Zn,Al、Co 14种环境有效态金属元素。选择了HNO_3-HCL-H_20_2消解体系,确定了最佳微波消解功率和时间。方法精密度以相对标准偏差表示为1.20％～6.13％,准确度以回收率表示为79.6％～97.4％,与传统的酸解法处理样品相比较,相对误差在±120％以下,结果基本一致。微波消解处理土壤样品比传统的酸解法节省了约10倍的时间,具有快速、高效、清洁、用量少、背景值小等优点。     

Soil water depletion under various leguminous cover crops in the derived savanna of West Africa

Leguminous cover crops have the potential of making cropping systems in the tropics sustainable if they would not deplete resources such as soil water and nutrients to the detriment of companion crops. Therefore, a study was carried out at Alabata, Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria, to evaluate the effects of leguminous cover crops on soil water suctions in 1993 and 1994 in order to assess the possibility of integrating them into the farming systems of the savanna zone of West Africa. In 1993, 13 leguminous cover crops (Aeschynomene histrix, Centrosema brasilianum, Centrosema pascuorum, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria verrucosa, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Lablab purpureus, Mucuna pruriens, Psophocarpus palustris, Pseudovigna argentea, Pueraria phaseoloides and Stylosanthes hamata) were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Maize and natural fallow (mainly Chromolaena odorata and Imperata cylindrica) were included as comparisons. Only six of the legumes (A. histrix, C. pascuorum, C. cajan, C. ochroleuca, M. pruriens, and P. phaseoloides) were included in the measurements in the 1994 new plots. Soil water suctions at various stages of legume growth were measured at daily or weekly intervals (depending on the frequency of rainfall events) using tensiometers installed at 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depths. Soil water suctions exceeding 10 kPa (theoretical field capacity) were observed mainly between 6 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP), and by 20 WAP when cover crops had matured and rainfall frequency was very low. Soil water suctions were significantly related (r²>0.80) to dry matter between 8 and 10 WAP. The studied cover crops were classified in three groups which can be used as a guide for choosing the legumes in tropical farming systems. Soil water depletion was markedly influenced by growth characteristics of legumes and distribution of rainfall during the rainy season. Leguminous cover crops conserved soil water after their growth needs were satisfied.     

Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of toxic organic wastewaters： A review

The destruction of toxic organic wastewaters from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical clearly becomes an overwhelming problem if left to conventional treatment processes. Two options, incineration and supercritical water oxidation （SCWO）, exist for the complete destruction of toxic organic wastewaters. Incinerator has associated problems such as very high cost and public resentment; on the other hand, SCWO has proved to be a very promising method for the treatment of many different wastewaters with extremely efficient organic waste destruction 99.99% with none of the emissions associated with incineration. In this review, the concepts of SCWO, result and present perspectives of application, and industrial status of SCWO are critically examined and discussed.     

2006年河南省环境空气自动监测系统运行现状分析

文章根据河南省环境监测中心站2006年对全省18个城市空气质量空气自动监测系统的巡检,介绍了河南省空气自动监测系统的运行现状以及存在的问题,由于河南省空气自动监测仪器运行时间普遍较长,部分仪器老化严重,已影响了空气自动监测系统的正常运行,建议各省辖市加强仪器能力建设、人员培训、保证运行经费,为空气自动监测创造一个良好的运行环境.     

冶金行业安全生产标准发展现状与对策研究

首先分析了我国冶金行业安全生产标准发展现状和存在的主要问题,论述了冶金行业安全生产标准发展规划以及从纵向产业链生产诸单元和横向关键生产环节(工艺)安全生产标准所覆盖的较为完整的冶金行业安全生产标准体系。最后阐述了冶金行业安全生产标准发展对策。     

工伤保险在社保制度中的排序变化及其内涵

目前我国常见的社会保险制度排序是养老保险、医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险和生育保险,工伤保险制度位列第四位;而在计划经济时期的劳动保险制度系列中,工伤待遇规定曾位居第一位,尔后才是医疗待遇规定、养老待遇规定和生育待遇规定。上述排序变化的出现不会是立法者的偶然随意之为,而是以实行市场经济体制改革后我国劳动者-企业-国家之"三方关系"出现的根本性变化为背景原因的,与制度本身从一种面向牺牲了个人安全和健康的建设功臣们实施的国家慰谢待遇向以分散风险、损失共担为机理的保险制度发生的转化密切相关。针对近年来极端劳资纠纷事件增多的趋势,我国的劳动安全管理及工伤保险立法决策还应更加注重向弱势劳动者的倾斜。     

河北衡水湖湿地汞污染现状及生态风险评价

以河北衡水湖湿地为调查对象,采用均匀设点采样分析,研究了衡水湖湿地大气、表层水和土壤/沉积物中总汞含量及其分布特征;同时采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行衡水湖湿地汞污染的生态风险评价.结果表明:衡水湖湿地大气总汞含量变化范围为1.0~5.0 ng·m~(-3),平均值为(2.9±0.85)ng·m~(-3);表层水总汞含量变化范围为0.010~0.57μg·L~(-1),平均值为(0.081±0.053)μg·L~(-1);土壤/沉积物总汞含量变化范围为0.001 0~0.058 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为(0.027±0.013)mg·kg~(-1).衡水湖湿地汞污染分布特征为,表层水总汞浓度岸边显著高于湖中(P0.05),湖中沉积物总汞浓度显著高于岸边土壤(P0.05);岸边大气总汞浓度与土壤总汞浓度呈正相关关系;高浓度汞富集总伴随剧烈的人为活动.地积累指数法表明衡水湖湿地地区汞污染为清洁程度;潜在生态风险指数法表明衡水湖湿地地区汞污染风险为低生态风险.     

基于B/S模式的矿山安全现状评价研究

加强安全信息化建设已成为提高我国矿山安全管理水平的一项重要手段。本文对我国矿山安全现状评价进行了分析,指出了其存在的问题：缺乏合理性,安全评价方法的实用性和可操作性不强,缺乏动态性;探讨了安全现状评价中现场工作时若干难点问题的解决方法：主要有评价方法的选择,评价项目基础分数值及相关指标的确定;简要介绍了B/S模式下矿山安全现状评价及其系统、实现系统的主要步骤、评价模块、结构功能、数据库、网络、系统如何实现。B/S（Browser/Server）模式,即浏览器/服务器模式,基于计算机网络、数据库实现矿山安全评价的整个过程。＂煤矿事故三步安全评价法＂首先确定评价子系统,并设计出供评价使用的专项安全检查表,然后根据安全检查表进行检查,最后评定出各评价项目的危险分数,结合各项目的权重作出评价。