Carbon dioxide emissions from spring ploughing of grassland in Ireland

Grassland re-seeding or land-use change requires ploughing, which may enhance carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from soil. This study observed the short to intermediate-term (37 days) effects of ploughing on CO₂ emissions from poorly drained grassland using automated soil respiration chambers. Immediately after ploughing, a brief peak in CO₂ emissions from soil occurred with a maximum observed flux of 6.91 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹. Contradictory to other reported results, ecosystem respiration after ploughing was lower on the ploughed than on the grass site. After including estimates of photosynthesis in the analysis, ploughing led to significantly higher net CO₂ emissions than from grassland. The main mechanism of C loss during ploughing was most likely due to a reduction in gross primary production rather than enhanced soil respiration.     

廊坊市土壤重金属现状研究

文章通过对廊坊市区县土壤重金属监测数据分析,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法,综合评价当地土壤重金属的污染状况,并对当地土壤环境质量作出综合评价。     

Evaluation of biostimulation and Tween 80 addition for the bioremediation of long-term DDT-contaminated soil

The bioremediation of a long-term contaminated soil through biostimulation and surfactant addition was evaluated. The concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) were monitored during an 8-week remediation process. Physicochemical characterization of the treated soil was performed before and after the bioremediation process. The isolation and identification of predominant microorganisms during the remediation process were also carried out. The efficiency of detoxification was evaluated after each bioremediation protocol. Humidity and pH and the heterotrophic microorganism count were monitored weekly. The DDT concentration was reduced by 79% after 8 weeks via biostimulation with surfactant addition (B + S) and 94.3% via biostimulation alone (B). Likewise, the concentrations of the metabolites DDE and DDD were reduced to levels below the quantification limits. The microorganisms isolated during bioremediation were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, Flavobacterium sp., Cuprivadius sp., Variovorax soli, Phenylobacterium sp. and Lysobacter sp., among others. Analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed visualization of the colonization patterns of soil particles. The toxicity of the soil before and after bioremediation was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri as a bioluminescent sensor. A decrease in the toxic potential of the soil was verified by the increase of the concentration/effect relationship EC₅₀ to 26.9% and 27.2% for B + S and B, respectively, compared to 0.4% obtained for the soil before treatment and 2.5% by natural attenuation after 8 weeks of treatment.     

温度对细鳞斜颌鲴生理学特性影响的研究

研究了不同温度对细鳞斜颌鲴(Plagiognathops Microlepis Bleeker)生理学特性的影响。结果表明:细鳞斜颌鲴的摄食率、消化率、耗氧率和窒息点均随温度的升高而显著增大(P<0.05)。对摄食与饥饿状态下细鳞斜颌鲴的排氨率均随温度的升高而增大,在25℃时达到最大值。在相同温度下,摄食的细鳞斜颌鲴排氨率显著大于饥饿状态下细鳞斜颌鲴排氨率(P<0.05)。     

重金属污染土壤修复技术现状与展望

目前重金属污染土壤修复主要采用物理化学技术和植物修复技术。根据其作用过程和机理,物理化学技术主要包括化学固化、土壤淋洗和动电修复;植物修复技术包括植物稳定、植物挥发和植物提取。本文就修复技术的原理、优缺点、实用性及研究现状与发展动态等方面进行了综述与分析。     

土壤石油污染物中正构烷烃降解特性研究

分别以污染强度、营养物、氧化剂、表面活性剂、温度、土壤含水率、透气性为降解调控因子,研究土壤中石油污染物的微生物降解过程,采用色谱-质谱联用技术分析土壤石油污染物中正构烷烃含量的变化,详细地分析了正构烷烃降解过程。结果表明：C26和C30正构烷烃的降解速度模式相似,证实了正构烷烃随着碳原子数的增多,降解速度减慢。     

Soil resource supply influences faunal size–specific distributions in natural food webs

The large range of body-mass values of soil organisms provides a tool to assess the ecological organization of soil communities. The goal of this paper is to identify graphical and quantitative indicators of soil community composition and ecosystem functioning, and to illustrate their application to real soil food webs. The relationships between log-transformed mass and abundance of soil organisms in 20 Dutch meadows and heathlands were investigated. Using principles of allometry, maximal use can be made of ecological theory to build and explain food webs. The aggregate contribution of small invertebrates such as nematodes to the entire community is high under low soil phosphorus content and causes shifts in the mass–abundance relationships and in the trophic structures. We show for the first time that the average of the trophic link lengths is a reliable predictor for assessing soil fertility responses. Ordered trophic link pairs suggest a self-organizing structure of food webs according to resource availability and can predict environmental shifts in ecologically meaningful ways. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to all users.     

煤系固体废物与污泥混合用于矿区复垦的试验研究

矿区复垦作为生态恢复的重要手段,在国内外应用中有很多种方法,在此分析了粉煤灰、煤矸石及污泥各自的特点、应用特征,指出单一废物用于复垦存在的缺陷;通过对3种废弃物及其按不同质量比混合后各土样的pH值、电导率、氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）等理化指标的测定分析,研究了粉煤灰、煤矸石等煤系固体废物与污水处理厂排放污泥混合用于矿区复垦的可行性。结果表明：不同比例基质pH值、电导率、各配比样的营养标准均可满足植物生长的需要。说明该方法用于矿区生态修复的优势所在。     

降水改变下撂荒草地的化学计量失衡改变调节土壤呼吸

降水作为全球气候变化的关键因子,其变化会影响土壤呼吸.微生物是土壤呼吸的关键驱动因素,但是在不同降雨梯度下,针对脆弱生境地区,微生物化学计量与呼吸的关系还不明确.以黄土丘陵区典型撂荒草地为研究对象开展了原位模拟降雨变化的实验(5个降水梯度),测定了土壤呼吸、养分、微生物生物量和胞外酶,并计算微生物计量特征.结果表明：(1)土壤呼吸(SR)在增雨处理下土壤呼吸显著升高,而在减雨处理下显著降低.(2)降水变化影响了化学计量不平衡,其中活性资源库氮(N)与磷(P)之间的不平衡(N∶P不平衡)整体呈现出近“U”型趋势,活性资源库碳(C)与P之间的不平衡(C∶P不平衡)仅在2019年变化显著,变化趋势为：P50>P25>CK>D25>D50,表明C∶P不平衡对降雨变化更敏感.(3)随降雨量的增加土壤β-1,4-葡糖苷酶(BG)降低,氮降解酶活性β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和亮氨酸胺肽酶(LAG)之和(NAG+LAP)在两年减雨处理期间显著下降;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)在增雨条件下活性显著增强,而在减雨条件下活性显著减弱;BG∶(NAG+LAP)和BG∶ALP均...     

一种就地固土抑尘用复合外渗剂的研究

用自行设计的试验方法节矿山汽车运输上质路面就地固土抑尘复合外渗剂的研究，分别选用碱金属盐和水玻璃为主料、配以３种表面活性为辅料，按不同浓度配制成３０种外渗剂溶液，进行了下渗（透）能力。表面张力试验和粘结强度，干湿反复的固土性能试验，筛选出了３类性能量优的复合外渗剂配方，并确定了其应采用的外渗施工顺序。该复合外渗剂面单经济、方便快捷，可以适用于广泛领域的固土防尘需要。