固城湖水环境污染状况与来源分析

对2001~2011年固城湖水环境污染状况评价与时空变化特征分析的基础上,探讨了固城湖的特征污染物及污染来源。结果表明,固城湖水质污染的主要超标因子为TN和TP;总体水质呈现先恶化再改善的趋势,污染由拦河网水域向小湖区水域扩散;固城湖湖体水质基本上劣于水环境功能区划要求;固城湖特征污染物为COD+M n、NH4-N、TN、TP、BOD 5;富营养化程度不断加重,之后又有所改善;氮磷污染的主要来源是水产养殖污染。     

Channel and Perennial Flow Initiation in Headwater Streams: Management Implications of Variability in Source-Area Size

Despite increasing attention to management of headwater streams as sources of water, sediment, and wood to downstream rivers, the extent of headwater channels and perennial flow remain poorly known and inaccurately depicted on topographic maps and in digital hydrographic data. This study reports field mapping of channel head and perennial flow initiation locations in forested landscapes underlain by sandstone and basalt lithologies in Washington State, USA. Contributing source areas were delineated for each feature using a digital elevation model (DEM) as well as a Global Positioning System device in the field. Systematic source area–slope relationships described in other landscapes were not evident for channel heads in either lithology. In addition, substantial variability in DEM-derived source area sizes relative to field-delineated source areas indicates that in this area, identification of an area–slope relationship, should one even exist, would be difficult. However, channel heads and stream heads, here defined as the start of perennial flow, appear to be co-located within both of the lithologies, which together with lateral expansion and contraction of surface water around channel heads on a seasonal cycle in the basalt lithology, suggest a controlling influence of bedrock springs for that location. While management strategies for determining locations of channel heads and perennial flow initiation in comparable areas could assign standard source area sizes based on limited field data collection within that landscape, field-mapped source areas that support perennial flow are much smaller than recognized by current Washington State regulations.     

Application of the health risk assessment of acetochlor in the development of water quality criteria

Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide in agricultural production. Studies have shown that acetochlor has obvious environmental hormone effects, and long-term exposure may pose a threat to human health. To quantify the hazards of acetochlor in drinking water, a health risk assessment of acetochlor was conducted in major cities of China based on the data of acetochlor residue concentrations in drinking water. The approach of the Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSD) method is used to extrapolate from animal testing data to reflect worst case human toxicity. Results show that hazard quotients related to acetochlor residues in drinking water for different age groups range from 1.94 × 10^?4 to 6.13 × 10^?4, so, there are no indication of human risk. Compared to the total estimated hazard quotient from oral intake of acetochlor, the chronic exposure imputed to acetochlor residues in drinking water in China accounts for 0.4%. This paper recommends 0.02 mg/L to be the maximum acetochlor residue concentration level in drinking water and source water criteria.     

Air quality integrated assessment modelling in the context of EU policy: A way forward

In the EU-FP7 project APPRAISAL the current practice for integrated assessment modelling (IAM) of air quality in the EU was reviewed, limitations were identified and guidance for improvements was provided. In this article we present the guidance proposed by APPRAISAL. This guidance takes into account that a single IAM solution does not exist but that the different elements of the IAM methodology can be addressed in more or less detail taking into account the available data, the regional/local specificities, the financial resources and the actual purpose of the assessment.     

视屏显示终端对精神心理和神经行为的影响

本文进行了视屏显示终端(VDT)对操作人员精神心理和神经行为影响的调查研究。初步显示VDT作业可对操作人员造成情绪、感知、记忆、操作及复合功能诸多方面的不良影响。通过职业应激源的调查评价,显示VDT作业本身独特的作业性质、环境和要求形成了VDT作业的主要应激源。对从事VDT作业时间较长和作业负荷较大者则产生较高的职业性紧张度。从而说明VDT作业引起操作人员的某些心身疾患的可能性。     

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990: A Policy Whose Time Has Come or Symbolic Legislation?

/ In 1990, the United States officially entered the era of pollution prevention with passage of the Pollution Prevention Act. This paper analyzes EPA's implementation of the Pollution Prevention Act from its passage in 1990 to the present. It examines the barriers EPA must overcome if it is to effectively integrate pollution prevention into its existing regulatory structure, including impediments created by statutory and organizational structure, the existing relationship between EPA and the groups it regulates, the fragmented implementation scheme of national environmental regulation, the balancing of conflicting demands advanced by powerful interests, industry's economic and technical concerns, and institutional inertia. It also examines issues such as industry commitment, the limits of prevention, and measurement concerns. The findings suggest that EPA's efforts at shifting to a pollution prevention regulatory ethic that holds primacy over pollution control are mixed. Its organizational structure, statutory authority, and incentives system still reflect a single-medium pollution control focus, appropriations for pollution prevention programs and activities are paltry compared to traditional pollution control programs, and participation in the program is voluntary. Yet, the findings also point to some promising programs that are working to institutionalize a pollution prevention regulatory ethic, and many states appear very committed to the concept.KEY WORDS: Pollution prevention; Source reduction; Pollution control; Alternative regulatory design; Barriers to implementation     

应用SSIM模型反演与评估二氧化硫污染面源

针对在缺少有效二氧化硫低空面源排放清单的情况下,应用SSIM(SourceStrengthInversedModel)模式对SO2低空面源源强的反演功能,完成了天津市蓝天工程改燃措施实施后二氧化硫相对量化改善效果的模拟评估,同时模拟了SO2面源源强改善前后的空间分布,取得了较理想的效果。该模式所解决的污染面源源强核查难点问题,在城市大气环境容量核定中具有通用指导作用。     

城市新增大气污染源合理布局判据的研究

试图提出了一种以环境损失作为评价污染源布局判据的观点，给出了大气环境损失系数的计算方法及污染源合理布局优化计算模型，并结合实例作了进一步的分析。     

中越边界—河口酸沉降的来源和发展趋势分析

河口当地无工业。燃料结构以柴禾为主，但８０年代降水酸度ＰＨ值为３．８０－５．１２平均为４．４，频率高达１００％。相距五年后，９０年代进行三年连续监测，酸 雨ＰＨ值为３．８２－６．９０，平均为４．９３，频率为９７．６％。     

用因子分析法解析抚顺市大气颗粒物来源

用因子分析法对2002年7月在抚顺市望花、新华、东洲、站前、水库五个监测点采集的TSP颗粒物样品进行了污染源定性识别和定量分析。计算结果表明，对于颗粒物样品，主要污染物来源是土壤尘，燃煤飞灰，建筑水泥，对颗粒物的贡献达71.2％。其次是燃煤，燃油的贡献占20.0％，汽车尾气占6.0％。