成都市大气颗粒物工业和民用污染源的调查分析与对策

针对成都市大气中颗粒物污染现状,对烟(粉)尘排放的来源,烟(粉)尘排放的重点行业,烟(粉)尘排放的分布地区做了调查,并结合颗粒物污染的分布区域对照分析,提出了相应对策。     

镇江市挥发性有机物污染特征及来源分析

利用镇江市2019年4—10月市区4个空气质量国控站点VOCs监测数据,对大气中70种VOCs的组分特征、时间与区域变化进行分析,并用比值法研究VOCs来源特征。结果表明,4个站点PAMS组分的测定值为17.7 μg/m3~27.5μg/m3,醛酮类组分为15.4 μg/m3~165 μg/m3。各站点VOCs来源侧重点略有不同,主要来源是工业源、交通源、溶剂涂料的使用等。     

浅议工业污染源全面达标试点中的环境监测工作

本文简要介绍了中山市在国家环保总局“十五”环境规划期间做为第一批工业污染源全面达标试点城市,环境监测部门发挥出的重要职能和作用。对工业污染源全面达标验收工作做了全面而客观的总结和评估,为日后开展此项工作的兄弟单位提供了有益的经验和启示。     

Identifying hydrologically sensitive areas: bridging the gap between science and application

Researchers have noted that current water quality protection strategies, like nutrient management plans, lack a sound hydrological underpinning for pollutant transport processes. This is especially true for areas like the northeastern U.S. where copious research has shown that variable source area hydrology largely governs runoff generation. The goal of this study was to develop a scientifically justified method to identify the locations that generate overland flow. Furthermore, this methodology must be computationally simple enough that it can be utilized or incorporated into nutrient management plans and other established water quality tools. We specifically tested the reliability of the 'distance from a stream,'D(s), and the 'topographic index,'lambda, to predict areas with a high propensity for generating overland flow, i.e. hydrologically sensitive areas (HSA). HSAs were defined by their probability of generating runoff, P(sat), based on 30 year simulations using a physically based hydrological model. Using GIS, each location's P(sat) was correlated with D(s) and lambda. We used three Delaware Co., NY watersheds in the New York City watershed system with areas varying in size from 1.6 to 37 km2 and with forested and agricultural land uses. The topographic index gave stronger, more regionally consistent correlations with P(sat) than did D(s). Equations correlating lambda and P(sat) for each month are presented and can be used to estimate hydrological sensitivity in the region surrounding our study watersheds, i.e. in Delaware Co. This work is currently being incorporated into an Internet Mapping System to facilitate user-friendly, on-line identification of HSAs.     

Determination of VOC source signature of vehicle exhaust in a traffic tunnel

This study describes the methodology used to obtain the volatile organic compound (VOC) source signature of vehicle exhaust. To accomplish this, C(2)-C(9) VOCs were measured in a traffic tunnel located in Seoul, South Korea. The effect of VOC concentrations from the outside ambient air was considered in the determination of the source signature. To examine the effects of ambient air on VOC concentrations inside the tunnel, the ratio of propane to the total VOC concentrations was compared between the entrance and middle sites in the tunnel. Propane was used as a standard not only because of its insignificant contribution to vehicle exhaust gas, but also the fact that propane is the most abundant VOC in the atmosphere of Seoul. The ratio of propane to the total VOC concentrations was higher at the entrance site than at the middle location by, on average, 60%. This suggests that ambient air affects the inside tunnel air to a greater extent at the entrance site as compared to the middle site. The contribution of ambient air to the air inside the tunnel at the entrance location varied from 30% to 67%, with an average of 55%. This is 1.5 times higher than the value measured at the middle location, which ranged from 20% to 48%, with an average of 36%. This shows that ambient air substantially affects the inside air of the tunnel. Excluding the effects of ambient air on the air inside the tunnel can provide an improved chemical composition for vehicle exhaust using tunnel measurements. We believe that the concentration difference between the two sites within the tunnel provides a more accurate chemical composition of vehicle exhaust as compared to that obtained from a measurement taken at only one point inside the tunnel.     

Development of a framework to implement a recycling program in an elementary school

This study developed a system to plan, evaluate, implement, and monitor a waste reduction and source-separation program, which was then tested through a field study in a New York City elementary school. Despite efforts to implement integrated waste management in elementary schools, appropriate planning tools that document performance and support program development are lacking. To fill this gap, a system for analyzing existing programs was developed. After identifying the phases required for a successful program, a scoring system was developed to quantify the performance of existing programs. To assess existing protocol, recommendations from leading municipalities were reviewed, and the performance of existing programs was quantified within the scoring system. The existing protocol was found to contain similarities, but an overarching approach was needed to connect the provisions with programs that have been successfully deployed. From this analysis, a scoring system was developed to take into consideration the major elements needed for a waste reduction and source-separation plan, colloquially referred to as a recycling plan, as well as the specifics of implementation. This system allows for the review of programs already developed, and can pinpoint limitations prior to implementation. The framework was evaluated through the test case school, with both waste audit data and diagrams. From the lessons learned, successful techniques and recommendations for utilizing this framework were created.     

Channel and Perennial Flow Initiation in Headwater Streams: Management Implications of Variability in Source-Area Size

Despite increasing attention to management of headwater streams as sources of water, sediment, and wood to downstream rivers, the extent of headwater channels and perennial flow remain poorly known and inaccurately depicted on topographic maps and in digital hydrographic data. This study reports field mapping of channel head and perennial flow initiation locations in forested landscapes underlain by sandstone and basalt lithologies in Washington State, USA. Contributing source areas were delineated for each feature using a digital elevation model (DEM) as well as a Global Positioning System device in the field. Systematic source area–slope relationships described in other landscapes were not evident for channel heads in either lithology. In addition, substantial variability in DEM-derived source area sizes relative to field-delineated source areas indicates that in this area, identification of an area–slope relationship, should one even exist, would be difficult. However, channel heads and stream heads, here defined as the start of perennial flow, appear to be co-located within both of the lithologies, which together with lateral expansion and contraction of surface water around channel heads on a seasonal cycle in the basalt lithology, suggest a controlling influence of bedrock springs for that location. While management strategies for determining locations of channel heads and perennial flow initiation in comparable areas could assign standard source area sizes based on limited field data collection within that landscape, field-mapped source areas that support perennial flow are much smaller than recognized by current Washington State regulations.     

水环境中溶解性有机物溯源分析及分子结构表征概述

溶解性有机物(DOM)是地球上最大的碳基化合物反应性储层之一,涉及各种生物地化反应并且在污染物溶解度、毒性、生物利用度、流变性和分布中发挥重要作用。本文介绍了当前用于表征水环境中DOM的策略和工具,探讨了当前研究在技术限制(预处理过程复杂、仪器分辨率低、数据处理困)、结构复杂性、结构多变性等方面存在的诸多局限性。分析认为:已有研究主要侧重于溯源分析和分子结构特征解析,未来研究应该在不同的结构层面和角度开展,加强多学科融合、数据库创建、对照实验和协同工作。     

An integrated chemical mass balance and source emission inventory model for the source apportionment of PM2.5 in typical coastal areas

The source apportionment of PM_2.5 is essential for pollution prevention.In view of the weaknesses of individual models,we proposed an integrated chemical mass balancesource emission inventory(CMB-SEI) model to acquire more accurate results.First,the SEI of secondary component precursors(SO₂,NO_x,NH₃,and VOCs) was compiled to acquire the emission ratios of these sources for the precursors.Then,a regular CMB simulation was executed to obtain the contribut...     

Characterization and source identification of submicron aerosol during serious haze pollution periods in Beijing

Submicron aerosol is of extensive concern not only due to its significant impact on air quality but also because it is detrimental to human health. In this study, we investigated the characteristics, sources and chemical processes of submicron aerosol based on realtime online measurements of submicron aerosols（NR-PM 1） during December 2015 at an urban site in Beijing. The average mass concentration of NR-PM 1 was 92.5 ±84.9 μg/m³, the hourly maximum was 459.1 μg/m³ during t...