Application of positive matrix factorization to identify potential sources of PAHs in soil of Dalian, China

Soil derived sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the region of Dalian, China were investigated using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Three factors were separated based on PMF for the statistical investigation of the datasets both in summer and winter. These factors were dominated by the pattern of single sources or groups of similar sources, showing seasonal and regional variations. The main sources of PAHs in Dalian soil in summer were the emissions from coal combustion average (46%), diesel engine (30%), and gasoline engine (24%). In winter, the main sources were the emissions from coal-fired boiler (72%), traffic average (20%), and gasoline engine (8%). These factors with strong seasonality indicated that coal combustion in winter and traffic exhaust in summer dominated the sources of PAHs in soil. These results suggested that PMF model was a proper approach to identify the sources of PAHs in soil.     

Measuring the environmental impact of waste flow management in Brazilian apartment buildings

As biodegradable material represents approximately 70% of household waste in Brazil, any strategy to divert appreciable waste quantities from landfills of necessity has to include valorization and recycling of this material. A societal change of attitude is required to perceive this challenge. Experiments in an urban apartment building are described that produced this change of attitude with a success factor of 80%. Divided waste collection was implemented that separated at the source biodegradable from inert material. Correct collection, handling and display procedures were established. Composting of biodegradable material was carried out under the rooftop of the building as an alternative to using it as animal feed. Half of the inert material entered the reverse logistics chain and was also diverted from the landfill. Waste related material flow through the building is completely quantified, food intake and waste production are related, diversion of both biodegradable and inert waste components from the landfill is measured and the composting process is described. The landfill diversion stands at 61%, mass reduction through the composting process is 80% and matured compost is returned to residents for use in flower cages. The system has been operational for two years and stands out as a precedent in successful decentralized household waste management supported by material flow analysis. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Spatial gradients and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds near roadways

Concentrations of 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (C₂–C₁₂) are reported near a highway in Raleigh, NC. Thirty-minute samples were collected at eight locations, ranging from approximately 10–100 m perpendicular from the roadway. The highest concentrations of VOCs were generally measured closest to the roadway, and concentrations decreased exponentially with increasing distance from the roadway. The highest mean concentration for individual VOCs were for ethylene (3.10 ppbv) (mean concentration at x = 13 m), propane (2.27 ppbv), ethane (1.91 ppbv), isopentane (1.54 ppbv), toluene (0.95 ppbv), and n-butane (0.89 ppbv). Concentrations at the nearest roadway location (x = 13 m) were generally between 2.0 and 1.5 times those from the farthest roadway location (x = 92 m). The data were apportioned into four source categories using the EPA Chemical Mass Balance Model (CMB8.2): motor vehicle exhaust, compressed natural gas, propane gas, and evaporative gasoline. The majority of the VOCs resulted from motor vehicle exhaust (67 ± 12%) (% of total VOC at x = 13 m ± S.D.). Compressed natural gas, propane gas, and evaporative gasoline accounted for approximately 15%, 7% and 1% of the total VOC emissions, respectively, at x = 13 m.     

长江河源区大气环境考察报告

１９９７年７、８月间,中华环保基金会组织“９７’长江河源生态考察”活动,考察活动覆盖了长江河源区广大地区,取得圆满成功。将实地考察所获得的第一手数据汇总,对大气主要污染物,如ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ、ＣＯ和Ｏ２在源区大气中的分布作了一定探讨,对今后大气环境发展趋势作了初步的分析,并提出了相关建议     

淮南市春季大气PM 10 中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源

2008年4月-2008年6月对淮南市的5个采样点PM10连续采样,分析了其中多环芳烃（PAHs）。PAHs质量浓度的最大值和最小值分别为112ng／m^3和15.2ng／m^3,PAHs春季质量浓度均值为40.2ng／m^3;PAHs组成以4环和5环为主;春季不同采样点PAHs质量浓度与环境温度呈负相关关系,运用PAHs比值综合判断,淮南市春季大气PM10中PAHs主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气。     

兰州市大气降尘中正构烷烃的分布特征及源解析

采集了2005年春季兰州市不同功能区大气降尘样品,采用气相色谱/质谱法测定样品中的正构烷烃。结果表明,降尘中正构烷烃主要有2种类型,一种是后峰型,以C29为主峰碳,大于C25正构烷烃具有明显的奇偶优势,碳优势指数(CPI)为1.25~1.40;另一种是双峰型,分别以C29,C20,C19,C15为主峰碳,在C25或C27后有明显的奇碳数优势,CPI为1.26~2.35。研究区内不同区域降尘中正构烷烃分布有明显的变化,相对清洁区正构烷烃分布为后峰型,主要来源于燃煤、高等植物的不完全燃烧。工业区、商业区、商业居民混合区正构烷烃分布属于双峰型,既有高等植物蜡的输入,也有汽车尾气、石油化工的输入,且人为源的贡献较大。     

对应分析在大气颗粒物源解析中的应用研究

采用对应分析方法定性研究龙岩市大气颗粒物来源问题。结果表明:龙岩市4个监测点位中龙岩市环境监测站的主要污染源为高岭土矿和土壤风沙尘;龙岩学院与闽西职业技术学院的主要污染源为机动车尾气尘、燃煤尘和土壤风沙尘;龙岩师专的主要污染源为燃煤尘、小煤炉尘、水泥成品、水泥厂除尘器集尘和钢铁厂除尘器集尘。该方法能将R型因子分析和Q型因子分析结合起来,综合体现样品和元素之间的关系,为大气颗粒物源解析提供了一种新的途径。     

大气颗粒物中铅污染来源解析技术

近年来,我国大气颗粒物中铅的污染比较严重,其来源比较复杂.大气颗粒物中铅污染来源的解析比较成熟的主要有同位素丰度比、无机多元素分析、质子微探针技术等方法,而序列提取、化学形态分析等技术还处于探索阶段.     

大气气溶胶中痕量金属元素的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外学者对大气气溶胶中痕量金属元素的研究进展,介绍了痕量金属元素的地球化学行为,以及大气气溶胶中痕量金属的源解析方法、在环境中的循环与污染、生物有效性及对人体的健康效应。建议研发更可靠的分析方法或在线检测仪器,避免采样和样品前处理过程中痕量金属的污染和损失;建立监测网络,形成区域性的大气监测模式,更全面地分析污染来源;与监测超级站建设、空气污染流行病学设计和毒性机制研究相结合,建立更加完善的研究体系。     

青岛市环境空气中VOCs的污染特征及化学反应活性

利用2012年青岛市挥发性有机物(VOCs)监测数据,系统分析了VOCs的污染特征、来源和化学反应活性。结果表明,青岛市VOCs浓度处于较低水平,且烷烃是VOCs的主要组分,占60%以上。夏、秋季的VOCs浓度高于春、冬季,且9月的浓度高于其他月份,日变化呈现"两峰一谷"趋势,与交通早晚高峰对应。VOCs各组分均表现出周末效应,说明机动车源和工业源的重要影响,优势物种的相关性分析进一步证明了这一点。对比各组分的OH消耗速率,得出烯烃的臭氧生成贡献高于烷烃和芳香烃,控制机动车尾气、溶剂挥发、化石工业等VOCs排放源将有利于降低大气中的臭氧浓度。