南四湖地区甜瓜病虫害防治中的农业面源污染防控研究

通过生物农药绿色替代和农药减量与精准施用技术应用,研究其在甜瓜白粉病、霜霉病、炭疽病等真菌病害防治中的病虫防治效果、经济效益、环境效益,为地区农业病虫防治中农药替代、减施增效,防止或减缓农业面源污染提供依据.     

工业污染源地理信息系统研究

建立工业污染源地理信息系统 ,对加强工业污染源管理具有非常重要的现实意义 ,本文通过对系统的构成、功能和技术特点等方面的研究 ,阐述了地理信息系统在环境管理领域的具体应用方法。     

Source apportionment of fine carbonaceous particles by positive matrix factorization at Gosan background site in East Asia

Fine particle (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm) samples were collected during six intensive measurement periods from November 2001 to August 2003 at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, which is one of the representative background sites in East Asia. Chemical composition of these aerosol samples including major ion components, trace elements, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed to study the impact of long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosol. Aerosol chemical composition data were then analyzed using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) technique in order to identify the possible sources and estimate their contribution to particulate matter mass. Fourteen sources were then resolved including soil dust, fresh sea salt, transformed natural source, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, secondary organic carbon, diesel vehicle, gasoline vehicle, fuel oil combustion, biomass burning, coal combustion, municipal incineration, metallurgical emission source, and volcanic emission. The PMF analysis results of source contributions showed that the natural sources including soil dust, fresh and aged sea salt, and volcanic emission contributed to about 20% of the measured PM(2.5) mass. Other primary anthropogenic sources such as diesel and gasoline vehicle, coal and fuel oil combustion, biomass burning, municipal incineration, metallurgical source contributed about 34% of PM(2.5) mass. Especially, the secondary aerosol mainly involved with sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and organic carbon contributed to about 39% of the PM(2.5) mass.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the serum and breast milk of the resident population from production area, China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been produced in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province in China, but little is known about the PBDE exposure level of residents to these compounds. We set out to assess potential health risks of PBDEs in the south coast area of the Laizhou Bay by determining the concentrations of PBDEs in serum and breast milk. We measured concentrations of eight PBDE congeners in serum and breast milk. The arithmetic means of Σ₈PBDE in pooled serum and breast milk were 613 ng/g lipid and 81.5 ng/g lipid, respectively. The highest concentration for Σ₈PBDE in all serum pools was 1830 ng/g lipid from the 41–50 year old female group. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, with the mean concentrations of 403 ng/g lipid in serum and 45.6 ng/g lipid in breast milk, respectively. BDE-209 averagely accounted for 65.8% and 54.2% of the total PBDEs, respectively. Our results suggest that high exposures to PBDEs have led to very high PBDE concentrations in serum and breast milk from the residents living in the south coast area of Laizhou Bay. High PBDE concentrations in human serum, particularly in women, pose a potential public health threat to local residents.     

Seasonal variation and source estimation of organic compounds in urban aerosol of Augsburg, Germany

This study reports a general assessment of the organic composition of the PM_2.5 samples collected in the city of Augsburg, Germany in a summer (August-September 2007) and a winter (February-March 2008) campaign of 36 and 30 days, respectively. The samples were directly submitted to in-situ derivatisation thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (IDTD-GC-TOFMS) to simultaneously determine the concentrations of many classes of molecular markers, such as n-alkanes, iso- and anteiso-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxidized PAHs, n-alkanoic acids, alcohols, saccharides and others.The PCA analysis of the data identified the contributions of three emission sources, i.e., combustion sources, including fossil fuel emissions and biomass burning, vegetative detritus, and oxidized PAHs. The PM chemical composition shows seasonal trend: winter is characterized by high contribution of petroleum/wood combustion while the vegetative component and atmospheric photochemical reactions are predominant in the hot season.     

南京市大气气溶胶中颗粒物和正构烷烃特征及来源分析

于2002年夏季（7月）和冬季（12月）采集南京市5个功能区的大气气溶胶（PM2．5和PM10）样品，对两个季节不同功能区颗粒物及其颗粒物中正构烷烃的分布特征和污染来源进行了分析。结果表明，南京市大气颗粒物含量冬季高于夏季，细颗粒高于粗颗粒。正构烷烃的变化规律同颗粒物一致，且主要分布在细颗粒物上。根据各个功能区正构烷烃（C15-C32）的CPI（CPI1、CPI2和CPI3）结果，可知南京市大气气溶胶中正构烷烃由生物源和人为源共同排放产生。％waxCn的结果表明生物源对气溶胶中正构烷烃的贡献率为20％～43％，对南京市大气颗粒物的贡献率为1．66％～4．76％。     

Sources of organic aerosol: Positive matrix factorization of molecular marker data and comparison of results from different source apportionment models

This paper presents results from positive matrix factorization (PMF) of organic molecular marker data to investigate the sources of organic carbon (OC) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PMF analysis of 21 different combinations of input species found essentially the same seven factors with distinctive source-class-specific groupings of molecular markers. To link factors with source classes we directly compare PMF factor profiles with actual source profiles. Six of the PMF factors appear related to primary emissions from sources such as motor vehicles, biomass combustion, and food cooking. Each primary factor contributed between 5% and 10% of the annual-average OC with the exception of the cooking related factor which contributed 20% of the OC. However, the contribution of the cooking factor was sensitive to the specific combinations of input species. PMF could not differentiate between gasoline and diesel emissions, but the aggregate contribution of primary emissions from these two source classes is estimated to be less than 10% of the annual-average OC. One factor appears related to secondary organic aerosol based on its substantial contribution to biogenic oxidation products. This secondary factor contributed more than 50% of the summertime average OC. Reasonable agreement was observed between the PMF results and those of a previously published chemical mass balance (CMB) analysis of the same molecular marker dataset. Individual PMF factors are correlated with specific CMB sources, but systematic biases exist between the two estimates. These biases were generally within the uncertainty of the two estimates, but there is also evidence that PMF is not cleanly differentiating between source classes.     

2020年泰州市细颗粒物质量浓度高值区污染来源解析

2020年在位于泰州市主城区大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))质量浓度高值区的莲花国控空气站点进行手工采样,分析了大气PM_(2.5)的质量浓度和元素组成,以及离子、有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度。根据监测结果,采用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)受体模型对其来源进行解析。结果显示,莲花站点大气PM_(2.5)中主要组分包括有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐、地壳物质、氯盐、钾盐、黑炭、微量元素和钠盐,占比分别为35.7%,25.6%,13.9%,11.9%,6.1%,2.3%,1.5%,1.5%,0.8%和0.7%,有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐为首要污染组分,这4类物质对PM_(2.5)的累计贡献为87.1%。根据解析结果与实际污染特征,提出应优化城市路网结构,强化工地扬尘管控,全面取缔燃煤炉和严抓秸秆禁烧工作等控制对策。     

上海市崇明岛农业土壤中二噁英的现状研究及来源分析

为了解上海市崇明岛农用土壤中二噁英类化合物(PCDD/Fs)现状水平及其来源,于2021年6-7月采集上海市崇明岛31个农业土壤样品,采用同位素稀释法测定样品中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的含量,并且对其现状水平、异构体特征以及来源进行初步分析。结果表明,31个土壤样品中均检出PCDD/Fs,质量分数为88.14~356.55 pg/g,对应毒性当量为0.64~2.20 pg I-TEQ/g,统计频率分析发现呈右侧拖尾的偏态分布,中位数为1.05 pg I-TEQ/g。经过比较,崇明岛农用土壤属于典型的背景土壤,土壤中二噁英类物质的污染属于较低水平。利用主成分分析(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)对可能的来源进行分析,结果显示上海市崇明岛农业土壤中PCDD/Fs的主要来源为五氯酚(PCP)、水稻秸秆烟(RSS)和交通源(TS),占比分别为61.6%,23.2%和15.2%。结合采样地理位置推断,上海市崇明岛农业土壤中PCDD/Fs可能受到来自崇明岛自身农耕以及交通等因素的影响。     

拉链排咪、塑料制品和印刷行业VOCs排放特征比对分析

采用GC-MS法测定拉链排咪、塑料制品、包装印刷行业的生产车间无组织VOCs排放,得到3个工业源VOCs源成分谱。结果表明：不同工业源排放的VOCs组分存在明显差异,拉链排咪以苯系物为主,占比3529%,主要污染物为正己烷、二氯甲烷、甲苯;塑料制品中苯系物占比为4735%,甲苯、乙酸乙酯、正己烷为主要污染物;包装印刷中苯系物质量分数高达6367%,甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、丙酮为主要污染物