城市扬尘污染现状及防治对策

扬尘是造成城市颗粒物污染严重的主要因素.论述了城市扬尘污染的现状、主要来源及其危害,并针对各种扬尘污染源提出了具体的防治对策。     

Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan

Multivariate statistical techniques were used to investigate source apportionment and source/sink relationships for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere of Chicago/Lake Michigan in 1994–1995. The PAH signatures for the atmospheric particle phase, surface water particle phase and sediments indicate that atmospheric deposition is the major source of PAHs to the sediments and water column particulate phase of Lake Michigan. The PAH signature for the atmospheric gas phase and water dissolved phase indicate an intimate linkage between the lake and its overlying atmosphere. A modified factor analysis-multiple regression model was successfully applied to the source apportionment of atmospheric PAHs (gas+particle). Coal combustion accounted for 48±5% of the ΣPAH concentration in both the urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere, natural gas combustion accounted for 26±2%, coke ovens accounted for 14±3%, and vehicle emissions (gas+diesel) accounted for 9±4%. Each is an identified source category for the region. These results are consistent with the mix of fossil fuel combustion sources and ratios of indicator PAHs.     

Two-stage chemical fractionation method for the analysis of elements and non-volatile inorganic ions in PM10 samples: Application to ambient samples collected in Rome (Italy)

A two-stage micro-analytical scheme for the determination of metals and ions in atmospheric particulate matter collected on only one Teflon filter was developed. In the first stage the collected particles are chemically fractionated for their solubility in a pH-buffered extracting solution; in the second stage the residue is mineralised. The major non-volatile inorganic ions (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) are determined in the first fraction by ion-chromatography (IC), while metals and metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Si, Ti, V, Zn) are determined in both the acetate extractable and the mineralised residual fractions by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).The procedure was applied to ambient 24-h PM₁₀ samples collected on Teflon filters during two field campaigns carried out at two sites in the area of Rome (Italy). The variations in the chemical composition of the collected particles during the two periods were interpreted in the light of the dilution properties of the lower atmosphere and of the back-trajectories of the air masses. The difference in the results between the two locations was interpreted in the light of their proximity to the emission sources. It was found that the acetate extractable and the mineralised residual fraction of some metals exhibit a different temporal pattern, suggesting the existence of different emission sources of the two fractions.     

中美水源地管理体系的比较研究

以反映中美水源地管理水平的特大型城市上海、纽约为例，对两国水源地同管理体系中的政策法规，保护措施，土地规划使用，污染源控制等项目进行比较研究。分析中美水源地保护的技术水平，管理措施，经济手段等方面的差异，指出我国水源地管理工作在先进技术的应用。面源污染的控制，各方协调，公众参与，宣传教育，经济杠杆等方面均与国外存在一定差距。并对我国水源地的管理工作提出了建议。     

牡丹江水环境非点源污染控制及其研究

牡丹江地区开展非点源污染研究的最终目的是采取有效措施控制和减少污染.控制和减少非点源污染的具体方法有两个:一个是制定相应的法律、法规.另一个是采取适当的经济手段.对非点源污染控制的实施有三方面建议:一是加强非点源的调查和监测.二是加强非点源污染控制管理政策的理论研究.三是政策实施前要对其进行经济、技术、制度上的可行性论证评估.     

Observation-based sources evolution of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in a megacity of China

Both concentrations and emissions of many air pollutants have been decreasing due to implement of control measures in China, in contrast to the fact that an increase in emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) has been reported. This study employed seven years continuous NMHCs measurements and the related activities data of Shanghai, a megacity in China, to explore evolution of emissions and effectiveness of air pollution control measures. The mixing ratio of NMHCs showed no statistical interannual changes, of which their compositions exhibited marked changes. This resulted in a decreasing trend of ozone formation potential by 3.8%/year (p < 0.05, the same below), which should be beneficial to ozone pollution mitigation as its production in Shanghai is in the NMHCs-limited regime. Observed alkanes, aromatics and acetylene changed by +3.7%/year, -5.9%/year and -7.4%/year, respectively, and alkenes showed no apparent trend. NMHCs sources were apportioned by a positive matrix factorization model. Accordingly, vehicular emissions (-5.9%/year) and petrochemical industry emissions (-7.1%/year) decreased significantly, but the decrease slowed down; significant reduction in solvent usage (-9.0%/year) appeared after 2010; however, emissions of natural gas (+12.6%/year) and fuel evaporation (with an increasing fraction) became more important. The inconsistency between observations and inventories was found in interannual trend and speciation as well as source contributions, emphasizing the need for further validation in NMHCs emission inventory. Our study confirms the effectiveness of measures targeting mobile and centralized emissions from industrial sources and reveals a need focusing on fugitive emissions, which provided new insights into future air policies in polluted region.     

水源水生物处理工艺中两种曝气方式的初步比较

比较了穿孔曝气和微孔曝气两种方式的微污染水源水生物接触氧化处理工艺的运行效果。研究表明,微孔曝气方式氧利用率高的特性使其比穿孔曝气方式对水源水中氨氮的去除更为有效。两种曝气方式氨氮去除率均随气水比的增大而升高,气水比大于1.00后,两种曝气方式氨氮去除率趋于一致。由于微孔曝气器易出现堵塞等运行管理问题,大型工程中不宜采用微孔曝气方式。     

室内空气中颗粒物对人体健康的影响

随着国民经济的快速发展和工业，城市化水平的不断提高，人们的工作，生活和居住条件得到了大幅度的改善，同时，由于建筑，室内装修，家具和现代家电与办公器材等造成的室内环境污染也引起了人们的高度重视。为此，本文介绍了国内外在室内空气颗粒物的来源，成分，浓度和粒径分布及其对人体健康影响等方面的研究进展，并提出了控制室内空气颗粒物污染的对策。     

炼油厂污水的综合治理

随着炼油厂生产的发展，产生的高污染负荷污水增加了污水场的处理难度。文中就高浓度污水采取预处理措施减少污染负荷，及改进污水处理工艺提高污水处理能力进行探讨，并提出本厂污水综合治理方案。     

港口油气污染扩散及源强计算方法的探讨

系统分析了港口油气污染扩散的特点式，对油港油原强及扩散速率计算方法进行了研究和验证，对适用国内油港油气扩散模拟源强公式及计算方法进行了探讨。