森林火灾重灾时段对太阳活动,厄尔尼诺,南方涛动异常的响应

本文根据天地生相互作用原理,研究了黑龙江近40多年来森林火灾灾情年际变化规律,发现森林火灾重灾时段(年)与太阳活动谷年及其次年基本同步,与ENSO密切相关;三者是形成“重灾时段”的重大天地生原因。     

台风侵袭我国南方地区而产生的风灾

本文从气候学角度统计、分析了台风登陆或影响我国３０°Ｎ以南地区８省（浙江、福建、广东、广西、海南、台湾、江西、湖南）而产生风灾的频数分布、季节变化、年变化以及概率分布的特征。     

HAP/UV催化降解活性艳蓝K-3R的研究

用化学沉淀法合成羟基磷灰石(HAP),并用XRD、SEM、FT-IR对其进行分析。以活性艳蓝K-3R为降解底物,研究HAP对其光催化降解性能。探讨了HAP煅烧温度、通气量、投加量、初始浓度等因素对光催化降解活性艳蓝K-3R效果的影响。研究表明化学沉淀法合成的HAP粒度均匀,HAP对活性艳蓝的吸附作用较强,30min之内即能达到吸附平衡,其对初始浓度为100mg/L的活性艳蓝的吸附率可达17.5%。适当的煅烧有利于提高HAP的催化活性,以200℃煅烧2h最佳。在投加量为4g/L,鼓气量为300L/h和pH=6的试验条件下,HAP(200℃)对初始浓度为100mg/L的活性艳蓝K-3R 3h的降解率达68%。降解反应动力学研究表明,HAP/UV光催化降解活性艳蓝K-3R的过程符合Langmuir-Hinshel-wood一级动力学方程,降解速率常数k随着活性艳蓝K-3R浓度的增大而减小。     

酶法原位制备过氧乙酸对活性艳蓝KN-R氧化脱色的工艺

利用过水解酶催化合成过氧乙酸,过氧乙酸原位氧化活性艳蓝KN-R脱色.在单因子试验的基础上,通过正交优化试验确定活性艳蓝KN-R的最佳脱色条件为:在5 m L反应体系中,最适p H 5.0,加酶量为20 U·反应-1,乙酸乙酯对过氧化氢的摩尔比率为40∶1和活性艳蓝KNR的浓度为80 mg·L-1.在此条件下反应6 h后,活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色率为81.11%,24 h后的脱色率为91.96%.在50倍放大试验中,该工艺24小时的脱色率为84.55%.     

Evaluation of Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) seed as a novel biosorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 113 dye from aqueous solutions

The use of a new biosorbent derived from Abelmoschus esculentus (A. esculentus) seed for the removal of Acid Blue 113 (AB113) in aqueous solutions was investigated in batch mode. Biosorption studies were carried out under varying operational parameters including initial pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature. The results indicated that the biosorption properties were strongly dependent on initial pH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that hydroxyl, carboxylic and amide functional groups present on the biosorbent surface were involved in the dye removal process. Equilibrium data were best fitted by the Langmuir model. The maximum biosorption capacity was 169.9 ± 3.1 mg g⁻¹ at 25 °C and initial pH 5.5. The kinetic data were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The process was controlled by diffusion through boundary layer at the initial stage followed by intra-particle diffusion at the later stage. Thermodynamic evaluation showed that the process was endothermic and spontaneous. The present study suggests that A. esculentus seed with maximum biosorption capacity which compared well with values reported in the literature can be a potential biosorbent for AB113 dye removal.     

Evaluating the efficacy of alumina/carbon nanotube hybrid adsorbents in removing Azo Reactive Red 198 and Blue 19 dyes from aqueous solutions

Concerning the high volume of wastewater containing dye in Iran and its adverse effects, it is necessary to develop scientific solutions for treating these wastewaters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the alumina-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes in removing the Reactive Red 198 (RR 198) and Blue 19 (RB 19) dyes. Synthetic samples including dye with different concentrations were prepared. These samples were put in contact with different contents of alumina/multi-walled carbon nanotubes, in different pH values, in different contact times, different temperatures and the presence of sodium sulfate or sodium carbonate. The optimum pH, dye concentration and temperature for removal of the two dyes was 3, 50 mg l⁻¹ and 25 °C, respectively. The optimum adsorbent dose for removal the RR 198 dye was 0.5 g l⁻¹ and for Blue 19 was 0.4 g l⁻¹. The optimum contact time for RR 198 was 150 min and RB 19 was 180 min. In this condition, maximum removal efficiency for RR 198 and RB 19 was 91.54% and 93.51%, respectively. The adsorption study was analyzed kinetically, and the results revealed that the adsorption fitted a pseudo-second order kinetic model. According to these results alumina/multi-walled carbon nanotubes can effectively remove RR 198 and RB 19 from aqueous solutions.     

有机胺插层四钛酸对直接湖蓝5B的吸附性能研究

在微波辅助下对四钛酸进行了有机胺插层,获得了正辛胺﹑正十二胺﹑正十六胺插层四钛酸材料,研究了3种层状物质作为吸附剂,pH﹑震荡时间﹑吸附剂用量等因素对直接湖蓝5B偶氮染料吸附的影响,确定了3种材料吸附的最佳条件。研究表明:微波有机胺插层四钛酸材料具有优良的吸附性能,pH=1.0时,正辛胺插层四钛酸用量为0.8 g/L﹑振荡时间40 min,正十二胺插层材料和正十六插层材料用量为0.4 g/L﹑振荡时间分别30 min和50 min时,吸附脱色效果最好。随染料浓度增大,温度升高,插层四钛酸材料会发生板层分离,表现为常规的物理吸附过程。在50℃时,正辛胺﹑正十二胺﹑正十六插层四钛酸对直接湖蓝5B染料的吸附量分别达到636 mg/g﹑3 349 mg/g﹑2 856 mg/g。     

Spatial dynamics of Mediterranean coastal regions

During recent decades the northern shores of the Mediterranean have experienced a rapid transformation; mainly due to touristic development. At present, more than 25% of the worldÕs hotel accommodation is found in the Mediterranean. This paper presents some figures illustrating the related growth of different sectors of coastal economy, such as housing, tourism, industry and traffic. A better control of these developments is urgently needed. To this end a spatial planning policy should be elaborated which fully incorporates environmental issues. The concept of integrated coastal (zone) management has only recently been introduced in regional and national policies. A classification of spatial dynamics including settlement-environment relationships can stimulate the implementation of integrated planning policies in the coastal belt of the Mediterranean region.     

A Long View of Southern California Water Supply: Perfect Droughts Revisited

The impact of drought on water resources in arid and semiarid regions can be buffered by water supplies from different source regions. Simultaneous drought in all major source regions — or perfect drought — poses the most serious challenge to water management. We examine perfect droughts relevant to Southern California (SoCal) water resources with instrumental records and tree‐ring reconstructions for the Sacramento and Colorado Rivers, and SoCal. Perfect droughts have occurred five times since 1906, lasting two to three years, except for the most recent event, 2012–2015. This number and duration of perfect droughts is not unusual in the context of the past six centuries. The modern period stands out for the relatively even distribution of perfect droughts and lacks the clusters of perfect drought documented in prior centuries. In comparison, perfect droughts of the 12th Century were both longer (up to nine years) and more widespread. Perfect droughts of the 20th and 21st Centuries have occurred under different oceanic/atmospheric patterns, zonal and meridional flow, and ENSO or non‐ENSO conditions. Multidecadal coherence across the three regions exists, but it has varied over the past six centuries, resulting in irregular intervals of perfect drought. Although the causes of perfect droughts are not clear, given the long‐term natural variability along with projected changes in climate, it is reasonable to expect more frequent and longer perfect droughts in the future.     

Chemical characterization of blue stains in domestic fixtures in contact with drinking water

Bluish green staining in domestic fixtures was observed in three to 9-year-old houses in the city of Talca, located 256 km. south of Santiago, the capital of Chile. The houses contained copper pipes which were exposed to soft well water, with low pH and low buffer capacity. The aim of this paper is to establish the chemical composition of the stains and to determine the conditions by which they were formed. X-ray diffraction analysis of the stains revealed the presence of malachite, a copper compound that caused green coloring in kettles and water boilers. Dioptase, which is deep green in coloring, was identified in a bathtub tile. In one house, where blue stains were found in a toilet bowl, the presence of chrysocolla was suggested by means of X-ray fluorescence. In the field conditions studied it was concluded that the bluish green stains in bathroom home appliances were generated by the precipitation of copper compounds in places were leakages occur.