除藻剂应急治理玄武湖蓝藻水华实验研究

湖泊富营养化是中国目前及今后相当长一段时期内的重大水环境问题,研究蓝藻水华治理的关键技术具有重要的生态和环境意义.2005年9月在南京玄武湖开展了化学除藻剂治理蓝藻水华的实验研究,除藻剂平均用量为26.87 g/m2,治理后实验区藻类总量下降了82.8%;水体各项理化指标得到一定改善,但停止洒药后部分指标回升;浮游动物未出现显著变化.实验结果表明,除藻剂可能在短时间内除抑蓝藻,但不能从根本上解决湖泊富营养化问题.     

紫外分光光度法与亚甲兰分光光度法测定水中硫化物方法的对比及评价

对测定水和废水中溶解性硫化物的亚甲兰分光光度法及紫外分光光度法进行了对比性研究,并通过实际标准样品的测定,对2种测定方法在测定下限、线性范围和灵敏度及准确性等方面进行了评述,并提出了相关建议。     

Effect of blue tit song syntax on great tit territorial responsiveness – an experimental test of the character shift hypothesis

A previous study of geographic variation in blue tit (Parus caeruleus) song structure showed that changes in blue tit song syntax (i.e. presence/absence of a trill) are correlated with the breeding density of a close competitor, the great tit (P. major), and are not correlated with other environmental factors such as vegetation structure or blue tit breeding density. We tested the hypothesis that blue tit trilled song represents a character shift that evolved because it reduced territorial interactions with more dominant great tits. We conducted five sets of playback trials in three study populations (mainland southern France, Corsica and Denmark) presenting male great tits with blue tit trilled and untrilled songs and great tit songs. We found that great tits respond equally strongly to both blue tit untrilled songs and to great tit songs, but show a significantly weaker response to blue tit trilled songs. These findings are the first experimental evidence that interspecific competition may play an important role in macrogeographic variation of bird song. Received: 10 October 1999 / Received in revised form: 2 April 2000 / Accepted: 15 April 2000     

Fenton氧化活性深蓝染料B-2GLN的动力学

为了考查H2O2/Fe2+的摩尔比和H2O2的初始剂量、pH值以及活性深蓝染料B-2GLN(RDB B-2GLN)的初始浓度对活性深蓝染料B-2GLN降解过程的影响,采用在线分光光度法对活性深蓝染料B-2GLN的Fenton氧化过程进行了研究,探讨了其动力学过程,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用分析降解中间产物。结果显示,采用Fenton氧化降解水溶液中活性深蓝染料B-2GLN,在H2O2的剂量为2.635 mmol/L,pH值为2.7,H2O2/Fe2+的摩尔比为37.80和活性深蓝染料B-2GLN的初始浓度16 mg/L的条件下,得到300 s后活性深蓝染料B-2GLN的最大色度去除率为85.04%。水溶液中活性深蓝染料B-2GLN与·OH的反应速率常数为2.62×1011L/(mol·s)。活性深蓝B-2GLN染料的分子结构被Fenton试剂分解而未被完全矿化,同时对活性深蓝染料降解产物进行了分析。在线分光光度法是研究染料色度去除率的一种精确、快速与可行的方法。     

Using a fisheries ecosystem model with a water quality model to explore trophic and habitat impacts on a fisheries stock: A case study of the blue crab population in the Chesapeake Bay

Recent calls for the development of ecosystem-based fisheries management compel the development of resource management tools and linkages between existing fisheries management tools and other resource tools to enable assessment and management of multiple impacts on fisheries resources. In this paper, we describe the use of the Chesapeake Bay Fisheries Ecosystem Model (CBFEM), developed using the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) software, and the Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Model (WQM) to demonstrate how linkages between available modeling tools can be used to inform ecosystem-based natural resource management. The CBFEM was developed to provide strategic ecosystem information in support of fisheries management. The WQM was developed to assess impacts on water quality. The CBFEM was indirectly coupled with the WQM to assess the effects of water quality and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) on blue crabs. The output from two WQM scenarios (1985-1994), a baseline scenario representing actual nutrient inputs and another with reduced inputs based on a tributary management strategy, was incorporated into the CBFEM. The results suggested that blue crab biomass could be enhanced under management strategies (reduced nutrient input) when the effective search rate of blue crab young-of-the-year's (YOY's) predators or the vulnerability of blue crab YOY to its predators was adjusted by SAV. Such model linkages are important for incorporating physical and biological components of ecosystems in order to explore ecosystem-based fisheries management options.     

我国苏南地区香樟树皮赋存的二英类污染特征及来源

为分析长江下游经济高速发展区的POPs污染特征,于2012年8月在苏南地区典型城市10个采样点采集香樟树皮,应用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(HRGC-HRMS)联用技术对二英(PCDD/Fs)浓度水平进行监测,同时采用主成分分析(PCA)法探讨其可能来源. 结果表明:苏南地区香樟树皮中二英的毒性当量(I-TEQ)浓度(以干质量计,下同)为5.6～12.2 pg/g,平均值为7.2 pg/g;4～8氯代二英同族体质量分数(以干质量计)范围为418～938 pg/g,平均值为635 pg/g. 由于二英在大气中的长距离迁移潜力较强,在研究的苏南地区区域尺度上,其含量在城市中心区和对照区之间的差异性并不明显;苏南地区香樟树皮二英质量分数及毒性当量浓度均高于国外报道的背景区及典型城市中树皮的水平. 对比典型二英排放源及树皮中二英特征谱图,可推断苏南地区香樟树皮中二英可能主要来源于危险(医疗)废物焚烧、机动车尾气排放和工业燃烧源.      

活性翠蓝生物降解性能的试验研究

通过试验比较了厌氧、好氧条件下活性污泥对活性翠蓝的生物降解机理、降解能力及受葡萄糖浓度影响的情况.结果表明厌氧菌不能单独降解活性翠蓝,只能通过共代谢作用降解活性翠蓝;而好氧菌既可以单独降解活性翠蓝(以活性翠蓝为唯一碳源时,20mg/L活性翠蓝的24h好氧降解率为37.4%),也可以通过共代谢作用降解活性翠蓝.葡萄糖浓度的升高对提高活性翠蓝的厌氧、好氧生物降解率均有利,当葡萄糖浓度为1200mg/L时,20mg/L活性翠蓝的24h厌氧、好氧降解率分别达到81.5%、73.6%.活性翠蓝浓度对厌氧菌、好氧菌的生物降解能力也有影响.当葡萄糖浓度分别为800mg/L、1200mg/L,活性翠蓝(浓度为20～100mg/L)的厌氧降解率比好氧降解率高4.9%～27.2%,说明厌氧菌对活性翠蓝的降解能力比好氧菌更强.     

非均相Fenton体系中无机助剂对亚甲基蓝脱色的影响

直接使用有机过渡金属化合物二茂铁作为催化剂,研究了非均相Fenton反应中亚甲基蓝的降解,并考虑了实际排放的印染废水中存在的无机助剂,进一步分析了典型无机助剂CuSO4、NaCl、Na2CO3、Na2SO4、Na2S的存在对该非均相Fenton体系的影响,结果表明：直接使用二茂铁做催化剂反应120min后,亚甲基蓝的剩余率为0．6％,羟基自由基的表观生成率为83．4％。NaCl、Na2CO3、Na2SO4、Na2S的加入会阻碍反应的进行,而CuSO4的加入会促进反应的进行。     

增蓝剂停留时间及对水质和浮游植物影响分析

水体遮光剂能干扰水下光照,抑制藻类生长。为了探讨水体遮光剂-增蓝剂在自然水体的作用情况,对围隔内增蓝剂的停留时间及水质、浮游藻类和沉水植物的变化特征进行分析。结果表明,当围隔水体中增蓝剂浓度为1 mg/L时,5周内其降解超过50%,9周后降解超过95%。与对照组相比,增蓝剂对围隔内总氮、总磷浓度无明显影响,易氧化成分的存在导致CODMn浓度升高至8.60 mg/L,但CODMn浓度随增蓝剂的降解逐步降至7.81 mg/L。在增蓝剂作用下水下光照度衰减明显,水深0.2 m处仅占水表面光强的21.16%,光衰减系数(k)为0.7 m-1。增蓝剂对藻类生长抑制作用明显,抑制率高达56.24%,但对金鱼藻生长无显著影响。     

Photocatalytic degradation of Acid Blue 62 over CuO-SnO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst under simulated sunlight

The novel CuO-SnO2 nanocomposite oxide photocatalysts were prepared by simple co-precipitation method, and characterized by X- ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption measurement and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of CuO-SnO2, evaluated using the photodegradation of Acid Blue 62 as a probe reaction under the irradiation of Xenon light, were also found to be related to the calcination temperature and the molar ratio of Cu to Sn. The maximum photocatalytic activity of the CuO-SnO2 photocatalyst was observed to be calcined at 500~C for 3 h （the molar ratio of Cu to Sn was 1：1） due to the sample with good crystallization and high surface area. It also showed much higher photocatalytic activity in treatment dye wastewater under simulated sunlight irradiation compared to Degussa P25 TiO2.