陆海统筹与海洋可持续发展——国合会2011年圆桌会议在青岛举行

2011年4月27-28日,中国环境与发展国际合作委员会(简称国合会)在青岛举办了2011年圆桌会议。环境保护部副部长、国合会秘书长李干杰出席圆桌会议并致辞,国合会副秘书长、环保部国际司司长徐庆华主持会议。会议围绕"陆海统筹与海洋可持续发展"主     

Effect of Co(Ⅱ) dopant on the removal of Methylene Blue by a dense copper terephthalate

In this research, for the first time, a series of Co(Ⅱ) doped copper terephthalate(Co X-Cu BDC,where X is doping percentage) were successfully synthesized via solvothermal method and were tested for dye removal application. The physical properties of Co X-CuBDC were studied by several techniques including X-ray diffraction(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) surface area analysis. The incorporation of Co(Ⅱ) dopant leads to isomorphic substitution of Cu(II) in the CuBDC framework with the maximum doping percentage of 22. Doping and parent MOFs which are non-porous were used for removal of Methylene Blue(MB) from aqueous solution. Adsorption capacity of Co22-CuBDC and CuBDC are 52 and 58 mg/g, respectively, both of which are higher than the adsorption capacity recorded from several high porosity MOFs. Adsorption kinetic studies indicate that adsorption process follows pseudo-second order model while the adsorption mechanism is dominated by electrostatic attraction. Overall, even though these materials show non-porous characteristic,it can be used effectively in wastewater treatment application.     

One-step synthesis of N-doped metal/biochar composite using NH3-ambiance pyrolysis for efficient degradation and mineralization of Methylene Blue

A series of new biochar-supported composite based on the combination of biochar and metallic nanoparticles(NPs)were produced through single-step pyrolysis of FeCl_3–Ti(OBu)_4 laden agar biomass under NH_3 environment.The physiochemical properties of composites were characterized thoroughly.It has found that heating temperature and N-doping through NH_3-ambiance pyrolysis significantly influence the visible-light sensitivity and bandgap energy of composites.The catalytic activities of composites were measured by degradation of Methylene Blue(MB)in the presence or absence of H_2O_2 and visible-light irradiation.Our best catalyst(N–TiO_2–Fe_3O_4-biochar)exhibits rapid and high MB removal competency(99.99%)via synergism of adsorption,photodegradation,and Fenton-like reaction.Continuous production of O_2U~-and UOH radicles performs MB degradation and mineralization,confirmed by scavenging experiments and degradation product analysis.The local trap state Ti~(3+),Fe_3O_4,and N-carbon of the catalyst acted as active sites.It has suggested that the Ti~(3+)and N-doped dense carbon layer improve charge separation and shuttle that prolonged photo-Fenton like reaction.Moreover,the catalyst is highly stable,collectible,and recyclable up to 5 cycles with high MB degradation efficiency.This work provides a new insight into the synthesis of highly visible-light sensitized biocharsupported photocatalyst through NH_3-ambiance pyrolysis of NPs-laden biomass.     

城市蓝天保卫战行动协同控制局地大气污染物和温室气体效果评估——以唐山市为例

为满足在城市层面开展蓝天保卫战行动、协同控制局地大气污染物和温室气体效果评估的管理需求,本文构建了评估方法体系,明确了评估流程,并梳理了评估参数获取途径。本文所推荐的协同减排量核算方法和协同控制效果评估方法包括:采用排放因子法计算各措施的单项大气污染物和单项温室气体减排量,计算各措施的局地大气污染物当量(LAPeq)和二氧化碳当量(CO_2-eq)减排效果,进而采用协同控制效应坐标系分析和协同控制交叉弹性分析开展协同控制效果评估。本文以唐山市2018年蓝天保卫战行动为案例,选择12项子措施开展试点评估,结果显示:这12项子措施在减排LAPeq 13 840.89 t/a的同时,可协同减排温室气体1 009.43万t CO_2-eq/a;所评估的措施均位于协同控制效应坐标系第一象限;协同控制交叉弹性Els CO2-eq/LAPeq为6.66,即每减排1个百分点的LAPeq,可协同减排6.66个百分点的温室气体。研究表明,本文所提出的评估方法体系具有较好的适用性,可推广应用于城市蓝天保卫战行动协同控制局地大气污染物和温室气体评估工作中。     

中国大气污染治理:进展·挑战·路径

党的十八大以来,生态文明建设不断推进,其中大气污染治理是生态环境三大攻坚战之一.自2013年《大气污染防治行动计划》发布以来,我国开展了针对PM_2.5（细颗粒物）污染治理的一系列举措,在燃煤污染和移动源污染控制等领域取得了显著成绩,全国空气质量明显好转.相对于2013年,2017年京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大区域ρ（PM_2.5）年均值分别下降了40%、34%和28%.然而,目前我国不少区域和城市仍然面临着解决PM_2.5污染的急迫需求,并且O₃（臭氧）污染的重要性逐渐凸显,因此我国空气质量改善工作仍面临巨大挑战.今后在建设生态文明和"美丽中国"的进程中,围绕《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》目标,应重视对非电行业、柴油货车等重点源的控制,加强控制氮氧化物（NO_x）和挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放,持续推进能源和结构转型,协同推动我国积极应对气候变化和持续改善空气质量.      

东苕溪蓝藻时空分布及其与环境因子关系研究

研究了东苕溪(太湖主要入湖河流)秋季和春季浮游植物的空间分布格局,监测了东苕溪18个采样点的浮游植物叶绿素a含量、细胞密度及种类组成等指标,分析了影响蓝藻时空分布差异的环境因子.结果表明:调查期间,共观察到浮游植物8门60属132种,其中,蓝藻门9属14种,蓝藻细胞密度占浮游植物细胞密度的平均比例为60.3%,蓝藻细胞密度自东苕溪下游至上游呈减小趋势,最高值出现在东苕溪下游距南太湖湖口3km以内.在秋季,东苕溪下游以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为优势种,春季为水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae);丝状蓝藻(小席藻)是上游的优势代表种.东苕溪下游蓝藻的绝对优势与特殊的水动力条件、高浓度的营养盐有关.相关性分析表明,蓝藻细胞密度与水深(p<0.01)、总氮(p<0.01)和溶解性总碳(p<0.05)呈显著正相关.     

Characterization of particle number size distribution and new particle formation in Southern China

Knowledge of particle number size distribution(PND) and new particle formation(NPF)events in Southern China is essential for mitigation strategies related to submicron particles and their effects on regional air quality,haze,and human health.In this study,seven field measurement campaigns were conducted from December 2013 to May 2015 using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) at four sites in Southern China,including three urban sites and one background site.Particles were measured in the size range of15-515 nm,and the median particle number concentrations(PNCs) were found to vary in the range of 0.3× 10~4-2.2 × 10~4 cn~(-3) at the urban sites and were approximately 0.2 × 10~4 cm~(-3) at the background site.The peak diameters at the different sites varied largely from 22 to 102 nm.The PNCs in the Aitken mode(25-100 nm) at the urban sites were up to 10 times higher than they were at the background site,indicating large primary emissions from traffic at the urban sites.The diurnal variations of PNCs were significantly influenced by both rush hour traffic at the urban sites and NPF events.The frequencies of NPF events at the different sites were0%-30%,with the highest frequency occurring at an urban site during autumn.With higher SO_2 concentrations and higher ambient temperatures being necessary,NPF at the urban site was found to be more influenced by atmospheric oxidizing capability,while NPF at the background site was limited by the condensation sink.This study provides a unique dataset of particle number and size information in various environments in Southern China,which can help understand the sources,formation,and the climate forcing of aerosols in this quickly developing region,as well as help constrain and validate NPF modeling.     

Alkaline phosphatase activity in the phosphorus-limited southern Chinese coastal waters

Three fractions of alkaline phosphatase activity(APA), including phytoplankton APA(phyto-APA), bacterial APA(bact-APA), and free-APA, were examined in the sea surface microlayer(SML) and the subsurface water(SSW) from Daya Bay, Guishan Island, and Guanghai Bay of southern China. Relationships between APA and environmental parameters were analyzed. The growth of phytoplankton was significantly limited by dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP) in the three sea areas, especially in Daya Bay. TotalAPA ranged between 1.41 and 35.26 nmol/L/hr, and the highest value was found in Daya Bay. The increased APA in Daya Bay was the result of the increase of phytoplankton biomass and the response of phytoplankton to P limitation. Phyto-APA was the main contributor in Daya Bay, while phyto-and free-APA co-dominated in Guishan Island and Guanghai Bay. Bact-, phyto-, and total-APA showed a significant inverse power function relationship with DIP, and 0.2 μmol/L was the threshold for DIP on particulates and totalAPA. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that DIP limitation together with high N levels enhanced APA. High water temperature and freshwater input accelerated APA as well.Principal component analysis clearly separated samples from the three sea areas, as well as from the SML and the SSW, which indicated the differences in environmental parameters and APA levels. Our results highlight the influence of phosphorus limitation and environmental parameters on APA.     

纳米ZnO光催化剂的制备及性能研究

以Zn(CH3COO)2·H2O和NH4HCO3为原料,以室温固相反应和微波辐射技术相耦合的方法制备出粒径在19nm左右的ZnO光催化剂,同时以活性艳兰KN-R为模拟染料废水考察了所制备纳米ZnO的光催化性能。结果表明,所制备纳米ZnO具有良好的光催化活性,在适宜的操作条件下,活性艳兰KN-R的脱色率在96%以上,COD的去除率在69%以上。此外,在染料的浓度为30～100mg/L时,ZnO/UV体系光催化降解活性艳兰KN-R符合一级反应动力学模型。     

玄武湖蓝藻水华应急治理成效分析

2005年9-10月间，以粘土法为主，对玄武湖蓝藻水华进行了应急治理。经监测表明，应急治理有效抑制了蓝藻水华，湖区景观明显改善。形成蓝藻水华的微囊藻，各湖区下降幅度大于95％。综合污染指数、富营养化程度均有不同程度的降低，水体透明度提高0．14m，水质化学耗氧量、高锰酸盐指数、总磷浓度大幅降低，但生态补水主要流经区域pH无明显改善，各湖区总氮超标率有所上升。浮游植物数量下降93％，浮游动物种群数量上升47％，底栖动物种类数量无显著变化。相对静止水域细菌总数持平，生态补水流经区域细菌总数下降幅度较大。治理期间未发现大型水生植物、鱼虾批量死亡。沉积物中，铜、铅、砷含量无明显差异，汞含量升高，但低于往年监测水平，有机质略有升高，总磷含量有较大幅度上升。