苏南地区农村宅基地转型研究：基于利用状态的视角

农村宅基地转型是土地利用转型研究的重要内容。目前学界关于宅基地转型的研究主要集中在规模结构等显性形态方面,对隐性转型的研究仍较欠缺。以乡村经济发达的苏南地区为例,通过对正常使用、空置、废弃等不同利用状态宅基地空间分异规律的刻画,探索其功能转型的一般规律,并进一步分析宅基地空置与废弃的影响因素。结果表明：在乡村振兴战略实施背景下,“房子不用来住”的问题在农村地区同样存在,而且在不同代际和空间区位上农村宅基地的利用状态有所差异。具体地,1980年以前的老宅基地从距离城镇较远和较近的“两端”开始,其空废比率向中间地带递减;随着市场化和城镇化水平提升,1980—2000年的中龄宅基地空废比率呈现由近郊向外递减的趋势,城镇化影响下的距离衰减规律明显。近年来,伴随农村宅基地财产/资产属性的逐步显现,农村宅基地的利用状态与空间区位之间的关联关系弱化。2010年以后新宅基地的空置率出现反弹,尤其靠近城镇的农村地区“囤地”现象严重,发端于城镇地区的“地产霸权”正在向乡村地区蔓延。     

A landscape-scale framework to identify refugia from multiple stressors

From a conservation perspective, quantifying potential refugial capacity has been predominantly focused on climate refugia, which is critical for maintaining the persistence of species and ecosystems. However, protection from other stressors, such as human-induced changes in fire and hydrology, that cause habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation is also necessary to ensure that conservation efforts focused on climate are not undermined by other threats. Thus, conceptual and methodological advances for quantifying potential refugia from multiple anthropogenic stressors are important to support conservation efforts. We devised a new conceptual approach, the domains of refugia, for assessing refugial capacity that identifies areas where exposure to multiple stressors is low. In our framework, patterns of environmental variability (e.g., increased frequency of warm summers), thresholds of resilience, and extent and intensity of stressors are used to identify areas of potential refugia from a suite of ongoing anthropogenic stressors (e.g., changes in fire regime). To demonstrate its utility, we applied the framework to a Southern California landscape. Sites with high refugial capacity (super-refugia sites) had on average 30% fewer extremely warm summers, 20% fewer fire events, 10% less exposure to altered river channels and riparian areas, and 50% fewer recreational trails than the surrounding landscape. Our results suggest that super-refugia sites (∼8200 km²) for some natural communities are underrepresented in the existing protected area network, a finding that can inform efforts to expand protected areas. Our case study highlights how considering exposure to multiple stressors can inform planning and practice to conserve biodiversity in a changing world.     

陕西省关中,陕南地区初夏干旱特点及预测研究

应用1958～1995年38a6月份陕西省关中、陕南地区24站的降水资料，研究了关中、陕南6月份的降水特点；选取其中12站作为资料站，计算出关中、陕南6月份的降水指数f,研究了关中、陕南初夏（6月份）的干旱特点；就初夏干旱发生的高空500hPa环流形势与历年平均状况进行了对比分析，并对初夏干旱作了预测。     

USING CLIMATE FORECASTS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT: ARIZONA AND THE 1997–1998 EL NIÑO1

ABSTRACT: Unrelenting pressure on limited surface water supplies requires increasingly sophisticated water management approaches. Climate forecasts of seasonal precipitation and temperature are potentially useful, but the operational water management community currently underutilizes them. However, some agencies in Arizona took unprecedented advantage of forecasts for a potentially wet winter during the 1997–1998 El Niño event. This study investigates use of this information through a series of semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with key personnel from agencies responsible for emergency management and water supply; their jurisdictions ranged from urban to rural and local to regional. Interviews investigated information acquisition, interpretation, and incorporation into specific decisions and actions. While unprecedented actions were taken by some water management agencies and no agencies implemented inappropriate measures, some missed opportunities for more effective response, primarily through inaction. This study reveals a variety of technical factors and institutional characteristics affecting forecast use. Study findings emphasize the need for: (a) closer ongoing relationships between forecast producers and users, (b) increased institutional flexibility to exploit the increasing skill of seasonal climate forecasts, (c) demonstration projects of effective forecast use, and (d) a regional forum to facilitate information transfer between the hydro‐climatic research community and operational water managers.     

USING GROUND WATER BASINS AS STORAGE FACILITIES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Southern California, now in its fifth consecutive year of drought, has always relied heavily on imported water from the Owens Valley, the State Water Project, and the Colorado River. For various reasons, these sources are now decreasing and water suppliers are being forced to look for new sources. One possible alternative is to store water obtained during peak supply periods for use during dry periods in ground water storage basins. The Santa Ana River Basin in Orange County has already been developed, and is being used to provide water to 25 cities in Orange County. The San Juan Basin, also in Orange County, is being studied as a possible future storage basin. This paper examines some of the positive and negative aspects of developing and using ground water storage basins in Southern California.     

江西九岭南缘铜多金属矿预测

论述了江西九岭南缘大型“裂谷”、裂陷构造、推(滑)覆构造带、走滑冲断带以及长期活动的深断裂带等多层次大型构造叠置成矿环境，厘定了主攻矿床类型，优化了找矿预测的综合标志。综合找矿实践经验，运用新的矿产资源评价思路，预测出大型—超大型矿床的偏在部位，为突破新地区，发现新类型、新矿种，提供了新途径。     

皖南地区葛公镇组砾岩性质及其构造含义

皖南地区葛公镇组底砾岩在区域上具有广泛的分布和可比性，其底部界面属I型不整合面，该界面的出现也预示江南造山带中元古冗大陆边缘沟－弧－盆构造体制开始发生转折和最早一幕造山运动的出现，这套砾岩及其底界面性质的确定对江南造山带的构造演化具重要意义。     

盐藻烯醇酶基因表达载体的构建及其转基因烟草的鉴定

以载体pCAMBIA2301为骨架引入pBI121中的GUS基因，构建了简便、实用的中间载体pCAMBIA2301G．将其中一个GUS基因用目的片段盐藻烯醇酶基因替换，构建了可以在植物中高效表达的载体pCAMBIA2301G—enolase，并将其转入根癌农杆菌EHA105中，采用叶盘转化法将盐藻烯醇酶基因转入模式植物烟草中．Southern杂交结果显示，盐藻烯醇酶基因已整合到植物基因组中，在转基因烟草中的拷贝数为2～4个．图6参10     

Base cation deposition in europe-part I. Model description, results and uncertainties

Deposition of base cations (Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺) in Europe was mapped for 1989 with a spatial resolution of 10 x 20 km using the so-called inferential modeling technique. Deposition fields resembled the geographic variability of sources, land-use and climate. Dry deposition constituted on average 45% of the total base cation deposition in Europe. Modeled deposition estimates compared reasonably well with deposition estimates derived from throughfall and bulk-precipitation measurements made at 174 sites scattered over Europe. Using error propagation, the random and systematic error in total deposition for an average grid cell of 10 x 20 km was estimated to equal 35–50% and 25–40%, respectively. Within individual grids a relatively large variability in deposition is expected.