基于地理探测器的中国陆地生态系统土壤有机碳空间异质性影响因子分析

中国陆地生态系统土壤有机碳库对全球生态系统碳平衡具有显著影响.为揭示土壤碳库空间分布的潜在主控因子并为今后建立碳库空间分布模型提供依据,利用地理探测器对中国陆地生态系统表层土壤(0—20 cm)有机碳密度的影响因子(气温、降水量、DEM、NDVI、陆地生态系统类型、人口密度)进行空间分异性探测和定量归因.结果表明:自然...     

The influence of field-scale heterogeneity on the infiltration and entrapment of dense nonaqueous phase liquids in saturated formations

Numerical simulations are used for the systematic exploration of the migration and entrapment of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in heterogeneous formations. Ensembles of realizations of random, spatially correlated permeability fields are generated and employed in model simulations of a spill event. Statistical techniques are then used to quantify the sensitivity of model predictions to input parameters, thereby identifying the parameters or processes that may be of primary importance in the determination of organic liquid distributions in heterogeneous systems. Results of the study indicate that the most critical factors in modeling organic entrapment include the spill release rate, reliable estimates of the mean, variance, and vertical correlation scale of the formation permeability, and an accurate representation of the correlation between the capillary pressure–saturation function and the permeability. In contrast, the hydraulic gradient and cross-correlation of residual saturations with permeabilities are found to have only minor influence on organic liquid distributions in such heterogeneous formations.     

Description of hydrogeologic heterogeneity and evaluation of radionuclide transport at an underground nuclear test

Realistic models of contaminant transport in groundwater demand detailed characterization of the spatial distribution of subsurface hydraulic properties, while at the same time programmatic constraints may limit collection of pertinent hydraulic data. Fortunately, alternate forms of data can be used to improve characterization of spatial variability. We utilize a methodology that augments sparse hydraulic information (hard data) with more widely available hydrogeologic information to generate equiprobable maps of hydrogeologic properties that incorporate patterns of connected permeable zones. Geophysical and lithologic logs are used to identify hydrogeologic categories and to condition stochastic simulations using Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS). The resulting maps are populated with hydraulic conductivity values using field data and Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS). Maps of subsurface hydrogeologic heterogeneity are generated for the purpose of examining groundwater flow and transport processes at the Faultless underground nuclear test, Central Nevada Test Area (CNTA), through large-scale, three-dimensional numerical modeling. The maps provide the basis for simulation of groundwater flow, while transport of radionuclides from the nuclear cavity is modeled using particle tracking methods. Sensitivity analyses focus on model parameters that are most likely to reduce the long travel times observed in the base case. The methods employed in this study have improved our understanding of the spatial distribution of preferential flowpaths at this site and provided the critical foundation on which to build models of groundwater flow and transport. The results emphasize that the impacts of uncertainty in hydraulic and chemical parameters are dependent on the radioactive decay of specific species, with rapid decay magnifying the effects of parameters that change travel time.     

A novel two-dimensional model for colloid transport in physically and geochemically heterogeneous porous media

A two-dimensional model for colloid transport in geochemically and physically heterogeneous porous media is presented. The model considers patchwise geochemical heterogeneity, which is suitable to describe the chemical variability of many surficial aquifers with ferric oxyhydroxide-coated porous matrix, as well as spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity, which results in heterogeneous flow field. The model is comprised of a transient fluid flow equation, a transient colloid transport equation, and an equation for the dynamics of colloid deposition and release. Numerical simulations were carried out with the model to investigate the colloid transport behavior in layered and randomly heterogeneous porous media. Results demonstrate that physical and geochemical heterogeneities markedly affect the colloid transport behavior. Layered physical or geochemical heterogeneity can result in distinct preferential flow paths of colloidal particles. Furthermore, the combined effect of layered physical and geochemical heterogeneity may result in enhanced or reduced preferential flow of colloids. Random distribution of physical heterogeneity (hydraulic conductivity) results in a random flow field and an irregularly distributed colloid concentration profile in the porous medium. Contrary to random physical heterogeneity, the effect of random patchwise geochemical heterogeneity on colloid transport behavior is not significant. It is mostly the mean value of geochemical heterogeneity rather than its distribution that governs the colloid transport behavior.     

典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应——以浙江省西苕溪流域为例

土地利用/覆被变化的环境效应是相关领域今后研究的重点。论文利用1985、1995和2000年的TM数据及调查资料,研究西苕溪流域的土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应。结果表明:流域内农田不断减少,居民及工矿用地持续扩大,林地前期减少、后期缓慢增加;林地和农田是流域内的主要景观类型,空间集中性及斑块碎化、形状规则化、景观同化是景观结构和景观异质性变化的主要表现;土地利用/覆被变化产生了生境质量下降、边缘效应增强、土地退化和生态系统成分单调等景观生态效应;恢复与建设西苕溪流域的景观生态系统需对景观尺度上的土地利用方式进行必要的调整。     

Effects of interpolation and data resolution on methane emission estimates from rice paddies

Rice paddies are an important source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH₄). Global methane emission estimates are highly uncertain and do not account for effects of interpolation or data resolution errors. This paper determines such scaling effects for the influence of soil properties on calculated CH₄ emissions for the island of Java, Indonesia. The effects of different interpolation techniques, variograms and neighbor optimization were tested for soil properties by cross-validation. Interpolated organic carbon values were not significantly different from the original soil samples, in contrast to interpolated soil iron contents. Interpolation of soil properties coupled to a process-based model on CH₄emissions led to a significant change in distribution of calculated CH₄ emissions, i.e., the variance decreased. Effects of data resolution were examined by interpolating soil properties to derive data at different data resolutions and then calculating CH₄ emissions by applying the process-based model at these resolutions. The soil properties did not differ significantly for different data resolutions, in contrast to calculated CH₄ emissions. These scaling effects were caused by the combination of interpolation and a non-linear model. Real scaling effects may even be larger because small-scale variability was not accounted for. Scaling effects, including those caused by small-scale variability, have to be considered to achieve unbiased and less uncertain global CH₄emissions estimates from rice paddies.     

吉林省冰雹灾害时空分布规律及特征分析

利用吉林省５３ 个气象站１９６０～１９９６ 年的冰雹资料, 对其冰雹天气发生的气候规律、时空分布特征、地理分布差异以及冰雹直径、路径、强度等方面进行了详尽分析, 旨在为此类天气的分析预报提供背景依据     

三峡水库干流沉积物及消落带土壤磷形态及其分布特征

三峡水库完全运行后,水文节律发生了变化(水位在145~175 m波动),沉积物和消落带土壤磷的空间分布也有可能发生变化.2016年6月采集了11个样点的沉积物及消落带样品,利用沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT),对比研究了三峡水库干流表层沉积物及消落带土壤磷形态,分析了磷形态特征及其在横向(沉积物和消落带土壤)和纵向(回水区末端至三峡大坝)的空间分布特征.结果表明,三峡水库回水区末端至三峡坝前,干流沉积物样品总磷(TP)、Na OH-P含量呈增加趋势,HCl-P呈下降趋势,而消落带土壤磷的各形态含量纵向变化规律不明显.沉积物TP、有机磷(OP)、HCl-P和NaOHP均值依次为(859.6±106.8)、(224.6±113.9)、(435.3±77.7)和(101.5±31.6)mg·kg~(-1),均高于消落带土壤含量均值.HCl-P为沉积物和消落带土壤磷的主要形态,占TP的质量分数分别为51.3%和58.2%,Na OH-P占TP的质量分数分别为11.7%和8.1%.与沉积物相比,消落带土壤各形态磷含量变异系数高,具有较高的空间异质性.     

北港河流域水质特征及主要污染物通量估算研究

通过对北港河进行水文水质同步监测,采用多元统计法对26个采样点位10个监测指标进行分析,识别出流域水环境污染特征及主要影响因素,并进一步估算了主要污染物的通量,以期为有限资料条件下的河流污染治理提供依据.结果表明:北港河水系污染严重,主要污染物为氮、磷及有机污染物;表征生活污水、面源污染与畜禽养殖废水对水质影响的主成分的贡献率为47.95%,表征工业污染的主成分的贡献率为12.50%;重污染企业数、人口密度、建设用地占比与流域氮、耗氧有机物具有显著正相关性,表明重污染企业数、人口密度与建成区分布是影响水质的最重要指标;按污染轻重,可将流域划分为3类分区:上游轻污染区、谷饶溪及东寮坑重污染区、其他区域则为中度污染区.污染物通量变化趋势分析显示,COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N通量变化趋势基本与流量变化趋势一致,而TP通量则受上游点源排放影响出现一定差异性.通量变化趋势主要受水闸调度影响呈现开闸大幅度上升、闭闸大幅度下降的规律,在闭闸初期则受练江干流高水位顶托作用影响,流量及污染物通量为负值,练江干流水倒灌入北港河;此外,监测期间COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N最高日污染通量出现在第2次开闸期间,分别为39.23、4.98 t·d~(-1),TP最高日污染通量则出现在第1次开闸期间,为547.36 kg·d~(-1).污染通量贡献率分析表明,干流水质主要受谷饶溪及东寮坑影响,其中,谷饶溪COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N、TP污染贡献率分别达到了64%、47%、22%,东寮坑COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N、TP的贡献率则分别为26%、28%、25%,建议加强对该汇水区内生活污水、工业废水等点源污染控制.     

基于氨挥发因子方法的中国农田氨排放量估算

农田是氨的主要排放源,估算农田的氨挥发量可以明确其潜在的生态环境风险,为制定农田氨减排策略提供科学依据.通过文献收集,建立了包含867对观测值的中国农田氨挥发数据库,然后以氮肥施用量为自变量,氮肥施用引起的氨排放量为因变量,计算得到体现农业区、作物类型、肥料类型、土壤pH差异的氨挥发因子,采用独立样本进行验证,发现计算得到的氨挥发因子可以无偏地、较为准确地估算中国农田的氨挥发.不同区域、作物和管理措施下的氨挥发因子有显著差异,整体上,由于南方地区年均温和年降雨量均高于北方,导致南方的氨挥发因子高于北方,而碱性土壤的氨挥发因子高于中性和酸性土壤;与单施化肥相比,多数情况下施用有机肥可降低氨挥发因子,使用缓释控释肥或抑制剂可显著降低氨挥发因子;以单施化肥为例,水稻种植的氨挥发因子为9.9%~37.0%,高于蔬菜（2.2%~13.0%）和其他作物（3.3%~8.0%）.2015年中国农田由无机氮肥使用引起的氨排放总量为3.21 Tg,95%置信区间为2.92~3.46 Tg,其中,粮食作物和蔬菜占比最高,分别为66%和20%,豆科作物占比最低（0.8%）.由于气候、土壤、作物类型的差异,氨挥发呈现明显的空间异质性,长江中下游区排放量最高,而青藏区排放量最低.