Spatiotemporal dynamics of cell abundance, colony size and intracellular toxin concentrations of pelagic and benthic Microcystis in Lake Caohai, China

Lake Caohai has experienced extensive Microcystis blooms in recent years,and to improve its water quality,the local government carried out a series of water control measures.To better understand the dynamics of both pelagic and benthic Microcystis and their characteristics in Lake Caohai,we conducted a 1-year investigation from December 2015to December 2016 to gain a seasonal outlook on the distribution and dynamics of cell abundance,colony size and intracellular microcystins(MCs)of Microcystis.The results indicated that the Microcystis bloom occupied primarily the northeastern region and then moved gradually from lakeshore to lake center.The perennial southwesterly winds and the water inflow from northeast to southwest in Lake Caohai determined the spatiotemporal distribution of pelagic Microcystis.Benthic Microcystis was mainly distributed in the northeastern region in summer,occupied the lake center in autumn and then occupied the southeastern region in winter,determined by the sedimentation of pelagic Microcystis and the death of benthic Microcystis.Small colonies(20-60μm)overwintered more easily in both water column and sediment.The concentrations of intracellular toxin of benthic Microcystis were observed to be significantly higher than those of pelagic Microcystis.This might be because Microcystis synthesized large amount of MCs to acclimate to an unfavorable benthic environment.This knowledge on the dynamics of Microcystis expands our understanding of mechanisms underpinning the formation of Microcystis blooms.     

区域地下水环境风险评价技术方法

针对我国在地下水环境风险评价技术方法储备不足的问题,提出区域地下水环境风险评价技术方法应遵循逐级筛选、分类分级评价的思路,突出对不同尺度的控制,将区域地下水尺度划分为区域(流域、平原)、局部地区(城市、单元)和场地(水源地、污染场地)3个层次. 通过分析区域地下水环境中风险源—受体—危害分析—生态终点的暴露响应途径,提出适宜大尺度区域地下水环境风险的评价方法;选用区域土地利用类型表征区域污染源,以地下水水质以及供水量变化为生态终点,采用相对风险模型分析大尺度区域环境风险. 针对大尺度区域内高环境风险区,采用源—路径—受体控制模型建立城市区域尺度地下水污染风险评价理论模型,并结合当地污染源特征、水文地质条件及水质现状进行局部地区地下水污染风险评价. 针对局部地区的高污染风险区,基于健康风险评价理论,突出水质安全保障,确定小尺度场地地下水健康风险的内涵与评价方法,提出场地地下水健康风险评价流程采用过程模拟方法确定污染物在包气带—地下水中的迁移转化,定量分析其对人体健康的影响. 下辽河平原区域地下水环境风险评价结果显示,高环境风险区位于沈阳浑河冲洪积扇区域,而细河是区域内地下水高健康风险区,应有针对性地采取保护措施.      

流域水生态空间管控下生境监测方法概述

生境被认为是区域内为水环境中生物提供生存和生长环境的物理、化学和生物特征,是水生态空间中支持和维持生物及其生态功能的重要空间.生境特征对阐释流域生态系统的结构和功能具有重要意义.然而,生境具有空间和时间尺度的异质性以及空间自相关性,尤其是大时空尺度下其生态功能的维持具有更加复杂的机制和过程.这决定了表征和阐释生境特征是极其困难的,特别是表征大时空尺度下的特征.尽管现有研究提出诸多涉及不同尺度的生境监测方法,但对实现长期跟踪多尺度下流域生境整体变化仍缺少成熟的方法.本文从生境的概念、生境监测的目的和意义引出生境的特点及生境监测对流域水生态环境管控的重要性,归纳了主流生境监测方法的特点及主要差异,综述了生境监测中关键的科学问题（如空间尺度、区域范围、特征参数和数据信息获取方法等）,提出我国现阶段生境监测核心内容的建议,以期为流域生态空间管控下生境监测的应用和研究提供借鉴.     

General concepts for measuring cumulative impacts on wetland ecosystems

Because environmental impacts accumulate over space and time, analysis is difficult, and we must incorporate the most recent scientifically defensible information and methods into the process. Methods designed to deal specifically with cumulative impacts include checklists of characteristics or processes, matrices of interactions (rated according to their level of importance) between disturbance activities and environmental conditions, nodal networks or pathways that depict probable effects of disturbances, and dynamic system models. These methods have been tested over the past decade and have proven generally successful.Landscape perspectives have emerged as especially helpful in analyzing cumulative effects, and have focused specific attention on questions of spatial and temporal scale, while leading to recognition of the complexity of ecosystem processes in general. An evaluation of several cases studies by the Commission on Life Sciences of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences emphasizes the importance of interactions and cumulative effects, but recognizes that current knowledge of the processes involved is insufficient to make specific recommendations for conceptual frameworks.The conceptual approach suggested by Preston and Bedford (1988) addresses many critical issues, such as the need to define dimensions of scale, and the importance of wetland size, shape, and location in the landscape. This approach and similar ones must be tested and evaluated so that a consensus may eventually emerge.A cumulative impact matrix is proposed that sets up additive, synergistic, and indirect categories, each capable of variation in space and time. Every interaction would be carefully examined to determine the likelihood of cumulative impact in any of the six categories. Because of its magnifying glass approach, such a matrix could be a very useful analytical tool, using existing methods to uncover all the information presently available about the behavior of the ecosystem of concern.     

The reversible process concept applied to the environmental management of large river systems

The wetland ecosystems occurring within alluvial floodplains change rapidly. Within the ecological successions, the life span of pioneer and transient stages may be measured in several years or decades depending on the respective influences of allogenic (water dynamics, erosion, and deposition) and autogenic developmental processes (population dynamics, eutrophication, and terrestrialization). This article emphasizes the mechanisms that are responsible for the ecosystem changes and their importance to environmental management. Two case studies exemplify reversible and irreversible successional processes in reference to different spatial and temporal scales. On the scale of the former channels, the standing-water ecosystems with low homeostasis may recover their previous status after human action on the allogenic processes. On the scale of a whole reach of the floodplain, erosion and deposition appear as reversible processes that regenerate the ecological successions. The concepts of stability and reversibility are discussed in relation to different spatiotemporal referential frameworks and different levels of integration. The reversible process concept is also considered with reference to the energy inputs into the involved subsystems. To estimate the probability of ecosystem regeneration or the cost of restoration, a concept of degrees of reversibility is proposed.     

黑龙江省雷电活动气候特征分析

利用黑龙江省闪电定位网在2005年4月至2006年间得到的285347次地闪资料,分析了雷电参数的月变化、年变化及其空间分布的气候特征,结果显示,正闪占总闪的比例仅为5.84%和7%,地闪密度的高值中心分别在(127.3°E,46.3°N)和(123.5°E,52.9°N)附近;总体日变化特征明显,呈一峰一谷态势,分别为18时和10时;一年中雷电活动主要出现在7,8月份,正云地闪的平均强度明显大于负云地闪.云地闪主要集中在两个区域的分布表明雷电活动特征可以基本揭示该地区天气活动的时空分布规律.     

各向异性介质椭球内电场的研究

基于电磁场的多尺度变换理论,重整各向异性介质椭球电磁参数和形体参数,得出了各向异性介质椭球内电场的解析表达式,对所得结果进行了检验。计算了椭球内电场方向与外电场方向的夹角,结果表明,外电场的方向对椭球内电场的影响不大,介电常数张量对椭球内电场的方向和大小有较大的影响。所得结果在目标Rayleigh散射研究领域有一定的应用前景。     

基于人类可持续发展指数的中国1990—2010年人类-环境系统可持续性评价

中国经济的快速发展对人类-环境系统造成了巨大压力。如何全面地评估中国人类-环境系统可持续性已成为当前可持续性科学的一个研究热点。论文基于"人类可持续发展指数"在国家、区域和省三个尺度上系统评价了中国人类-环境系统1990—2010年的可持续性。研究结果表明,2010年中国人类-环境系统可持续性为中上水平,总体呈现东高西低的空间格局。1990—2010年中国人类-环境系统可持续性表现为增长趋势,中西部可持续性增长快于东部。经济和社会可持续性指标呈增加趋势,环境可持续性指标为下降趋势。可见,中国人类-环境系统可持续性的空间格局与动态变化均不协调,需进一步促进中西部社会经济发展及加强生态文明建设以实现社会、经济与环境可持续性的全面提高。     

全球及区域碳模拟与源汇同化反演研究进展

近年来,全球和区域碳模拟与同化反演系统(简称“碳同化系统”)快速发展,并被广泛应用于不同时空尺度的碳通量和碳汇估算、碳排放量校核研究中,为支撑全球碳盘点提供了关键技术手段。文章回顾了国内外主要碳同化系统的发展历程和应用案例,总结了当前常见的全球和区域碳同化系统的结构和特点,包括使用的大气传输模式、同化方法、空间分辨率等内容;探讨了当前常见模型系统应用中的关键问题、不足与发展方向,以期为碳同化系统应用于我国环境管理和气候变化工作提供参考。     

Effects of spatial and temporal scales on cultural services valuation

The monetary valuation of ecosystem services has proved to be a powerful tool for influencing management decisions, as it can be used to quantify the relative importance of various ecosystem functions. However, these valuation methods are rarely implemented with adequate care; in particular, they do not consider spatial and temporal variations in the services offered and demanded. This paper examines the effect of heterogeneity on the valuation of cultural services offered by the Doñana natural protected area in Spain. We apply the zonal travel cost method at various spatial scales, and the individual travel cost method at various temporal scales. We conclude that economic valuation techniques must account for spatial and temporal heterogeneity if they are to provide accurate and realistic information.