基于电磁场多尺度分析理论的各向异性介质球电场的研究

基于电磁场的多尺度变换理论,使得各向异性介质同性化,得出了各向异性介质球内外电场的解析表达式,所得结果与文献完全一致;计算了球内电场方向与外电场方向的夹角,结果表明,外电场的方向对球内电场的大小有显著的影响,介电常数张量对球内电场的方向有较大的影响。     

Pattern formation of a predator-prey system with Ivlev-type functional response

In this paper, we investigate the spatial pattern formation of a predator-prey system with prey-dependent functional response Ivlev-type and reaction-diffusion. The Hopf bifurcation of the model is discussed, and the sufficient conditions for the Turing instability with zero-flux boundary conditions are obtained. Based on this, we perform the spiral and the chaotic spiral patterns via numerical simulation, i.e., the evolution process of the system with the initial conditions which was small amplitude random perturbation around the steady state. For the sake of learning the pattern formation of the model further, we perform three categories of unsymmetric initial condition, and find that with these special initial conditions the system can emerge not only spiral pattern but also target pattern and so on, and the effect of these special conditions on the formation of spatial patterns is less and less with more and more iterations but the effect does not decay forever. This indicates that for prey-dependent type predator-prey system, pattern formations do depend on the initial conditions, while for predator-dependent type they do not.     

关于循环经济几个问题的分析研究

粗略地估算了我国单位GDP的环境负荷在21世纪中叶以前需要降低的倍数;讨论了工业物质在3个不同层面上的循环,以及对于这3种循环需要给予同样关注的问题;指出了在大循环中工业物质的分类;分析了在经济高速增长情况下依靠大循环提高资源效率的有限性;说明了生态工业园(中循环)要向大循环方面拓展的看法;提出了深入研究企业内部物质循环(小循环)的必要性和可行性.      

影响浑太河流域大型底栖动物群落结构的环境因子分析

于2012年5~6月对浑太河流域66个采样点的大型底栖动物进行调查采样.共采集到大型底栖动物72(属)种,其中水生昆虫51(属)种,占70.83%,环节动物7(属)种,占9.72%;节肢动物(属)4种,占5.56%;软体动物(属)10种,占13.89%.首先,采用相关分析从6类28个候选指标中筛选出EPT分类单元数、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、蜉蝣目相对丰度、毛翅目相对丰度、软体动物相对丰度、扁蜉科/蜉蝣目相对丰度、纹石蛾科/毛翅目相对丰度、寡毛类动物相对丰度、敏感类群相对丰度、耐污类群相对丰度、收集者相对丰度、黏附者相对丰度、香农-威纳多样性指数共13个指标用于表征浑太河流域大型底栖动物群落结构特征.然后,利用RDA方法分析了自然环境因子和反映人类活动压力的环境因子对大型底栖动物空间分异的影响.利用偏冗余分析(pRDA)比较了自然环境因子与人类活动压力因子对底栖动物群落结构影响的大小,以及流域、河岸缓冲区和河段尺度人类活动压力因子对大型底栖动物的影响.结果表明,所有环境因子可解释底栖动物群落结构空间变异的72.23%.纳入分析的人类活动压力因子解释了底栖动物群落结构空间变异的48.9%,纳入分析的自然环境因子解释了底栖动物群落结构空间变异的11.8%.河段尺度人类活动压力因子对底栖动物群落结构空间分异影响最显著.河段尺度人类活动压力因子可解释底栖动物群落结构空间分异的35.3%,其中,显著环境因子p H、栖息地质量、总氮、高锰酸盐指数、硬度、电导率、总溶解颗粒物和氨氮分别解释了4%、3.6%、1.8%、1.7%、1.7%、0.9%、0.9%和0.9%的底栖动物群落结构空间分异.河岸缓冲区和流域尺度土地利用对大型底栖动物空间分异的贡献分别为10%和7%.最后,采用相关分析比较了流域和河岸缓冲区尺度土地利用与水质、水文、栖息地质量以及底质的关系,结果表明流域尺度土地利用能更好地表征河流水质、水文、栖息地质量以及底质状况,也说明不同尺度环境因子对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响有联合效应.     

电偶极子的各向异性辐射特性

目的研究均匀各向异性介质中电磁源的辐射特性及其规律。方法基于电磁场的方向多长度标准理论,建立各向异性介质中标量势的达朗伯方程,求解微分方程得到推迟形式的标量势和矢量势的解析表达式,通过与现有文献比较验证该表达式正确性。结果得到了电各向异性介质中电偶极子的辐射电磁场,当介质为各向同性介质时,所得辐射场与现有文献完全一致,数值仿真了电偶极的辐射特性和结果的物理机制。结论在各向异性介质中,电偶极的辐射特性具有各向异性特性,在某一方向观测时,与该方向垂直方向的介电常数越大,辐射越强。为各向异性介质如磁化等离子体等介质中雷达、天线的工程优化设计提供了理论基础。     

赣江流域土地利用结构及社会经济对河流可溶性重金属含量的影响

基于以2014年Landsat 8卫星影像以及2014年1月和6月野外采样数据并结合GIS技术与统计方法,分析赣江流域土地利用格局与河流水体可溶性重金属分布的关系.结果表明:赣江流域土地利用类型与可溶性重金属含量具有显著相关性,其中城镇建设用地与赣江可溶性重金属含量关系最为密切.林地与草地的面积比例与可溶性重金属呈现显著的负相关,但这种负相关仅存在于河流下游的较低坡度区域.整个子流域、河流缓冲区及坡度3个尺度上土地利用结构与河流可溶性重金属含量的关系,具有很大的差异,不同坡度大小上土地利用结构能较好地反映人类活动强度.低坡度区域由于人类活动强度较大,因此低坡度区域内土地利用结构对河流可溶性重金属含量具有更大的影响.社会经济要素和河流可溶性重金属含量的关系密切,工农业活动的强弱与赣江可溶性重金属含量的高低存在明显的对应关系.赣江流域土地利用结构与河流可溶性重金属含量间的关系存在季节的差异,总体上,丰水期与土地利用结构关系更显著.     

道路生态影响评价方法研究：以兰海高速公路为例

提出了将道路生态影响问题划分为3个尺度来进行评价,并根据不同尺度的生态特征采用不同的方法和指标,从而系统、定量的评价道路建设和运行所带来的生态影响.小尺度问题采用野外调查和样方对比的方法;中尺度问题主要依靠不同分辨率的遥感监测,辅之野外调研;大尺度问题主要依靠遥感和GIS结合进行分析.以兰海高速公路为例,运用该系统进行评价,取得了良好的结果.因此,该体系方法可以作为道路生态影响评价和研究的借鉴和参考.     

再生水回用循环冷却系统药剂HJ-01阻垢机理

针对再生水回用于循环冷却系统中引起的结垢问题,进行了碳酸钙沉积实验和旋转挂片腐蚀实验,对所得的结垢产物的微观形态、元素组成以及化合物构成,分别采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱仪和X射线衍射仪进行分析,探究复配药剂HJ-01在阻垢过程中的机理,并深入分析该药剂结构中官能团的阻垢特性。实验结果表明,药剂HJ-01可以通过在挂片表面形成具有保护作用的薄膜而阻垢,其阻垢机理包括晶格畸变、螯合增溶和分散作用;其中膦酸基(—PO3H2)和羟基(—OH)官能团引起晶格畸变作用;羧基(—COOH)官能团引起螯合增溶作用;而阻垢剂中的链状结构导致分散作用的产生。     

Occurrence,spatial and seasonal variation,and environmental risk of pharmaceutically active compounds in the Pearl River basin,South China

● 38 PhACs and 2 pesticides were detected in the three rivers of the Pearl River basin. ● Anti-inflammatory/analgesics drugs were the predominant PhACs. ● The concentrations of PhACs showed seasonal and spatial variation. ● Diazepam and ibuprofen were the two PhACs with a moderate environmental risk. The occurrence, fate, and environmental risk of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from surface waters and sediments were comprehensively investigated in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River of the Pearl River basin, South China. Salicylic acid and diclofenac (anti-inflammatory drugs), gemfibrozil (a lipid regulator), carbamazepine (an antiepileptic drug), diazepam (a psychoactive drug), and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid (MCPA, a pesticide) were the most ubiquitous compounds in the studied region. The average concentrations of detected PhACs in surface waters and sediments ranged from 0.17 to 19.1 ng/L and 0.10 to 10.4 ng/g, respectively. Meanwhile, PhACs concentration in surface waters and sediments varied greatly among and within the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River. The largest annual flux of PhACs of the Xijiang River and Beijiang River was more than 11 000 kg per annum, whereas only 25.7 kg/a in the Maozhou River. In addition, the estimated emissions of PhACs in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River ranged respectively from 0.28 to 4.22 kg/a, 0.12 to 6.72 kg/a, and 6.66 to 91.0 kg/a, and the back-estimated usage varied with a range from 12.0 to 293 kg/a, 6.79 to 944 kg/a, 368 to 17 459 kg/a. Moreover, the emissions of PhACs showed a close relationship with the gross domestic product (GDP) of each city along the Pearl River. The environmental risk assessment suggested that diazepam and ibuprofen had a moderate risk in this region.     

Effects of interpolation and data resolution on methane emission estimates from rice paddies

Rice paddies are an important source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH₄). Global methane emission estimates are highly uncertain and do not account for effects of interpolation or data resolution errors. This paper determines such scaling effects for the influence of soil properties on calculated CH₄ emissions for the island of Java, Indonesia. The effects of different interpolation techniques, variograms and neighbor optimization were tested for soil properties by cross-validation. Interpolated organic carbon values were not significantly different from the original soil samples, in contrast to interpolated soil iron contents. Interpolation of soil properties coupled to a process-based model on CH₄emissions led to a significant change in distribution of calculated CH₄ emissions, i.e., the variance decreased. Effects of data resolution were examined by interpolating soil properties to derive data at different data resolutions and then calculating CH₄ emissions by applying the process-based model at these resolutions. The soil properties did not differ significantly for different data resolutions, in contrast to calculated CH₄ emissions. These scaling effects were caused by the combination of interpolation and a non-linear model. Real scaling effects may even be larger because small-scale variability was not accounted for. Scaling effects, including those caused by small-scale variability, have to be considered to achieve unbiased and less uncertain global CH₄emissions estimates from rice paddies.