高校环境专业实验教学存在的问题及对策

实验教学在高校环境专业教学工作中发挥着越来越重要的作用。通过对高校环境专业实验教学的现状和所存在的问题进行分析,提出了优化实验教学内容、改进实验教学方法和考核方式等改进措施,以提高高校环境专业实验教学水平。     

Factors Affecting Stream Nutrient Loads: A Synthesis of Regional SPARROW Model Results for the Continental United States1

Preston, Stephen D., Richard B. Alexander, Gregory E. Schwarz, and Charles G. Crawford, 2011. Factors Affecting Stream Nutrient Loads: A Synthesis of Regional SPARROW Model Results for the Continental United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):891‐915. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00577.x Abstract: We compared the results of 12 recently calibrated regional SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) models covering most of the continental United States to evaluate the consistency and regional differences in factors affecting stream nutrient loads. The models – 6 for total nitrogen and 6 for total phosphorus – all provide similar levels of prediction accuracy, but those for major river basins in the eastern half of the country were somewhat more accurate. The models simulate long‐term mean annual stream nutrient loads as a function of a wide range of known sources and climatic (precipitation, temperature), landscape (e.g., soils, geology), and aquatic factors affecting nutrient fate and transport. The results confirm the dominant effects of urban and agricultural sources on stream nutrient loads nationally and regionally, but reveal considerable spatial variability in the specific types of sources that control water quality. These include regional differences in the relative importance of different types of urban (municipal and industrial point vs. diffuse urban runoff) and agriculture (crop cultivation vs. animal waste) sources, as well as the effects of atmospheric deposition, mining, and background (e.g., soil phosphorus) sources on stream nutrients. Overall, we found that the SPARROW model results provide a consistent set of information for identifying the major sources and environmental factors affecting nutrient fate and transport in United States watersheds at regional and subregional scales.     

Inverse calculation approaches for source determination in hazardous chemical releases

Source determination is vital in decision making and emergency planning involving hazardous chemical releases. This work was concentrated on inverse calculation approaches for source determination as well as current trends and future perspectives. In this paper, these different approaches are reviewed by dividing them into two categories: probability modeling methods and optimization modeling methods. The traits of these approaches are comparatively analyzed. Then it is shown how these approaches behave when applied to practical cases, and their feasibility, applicability, stability, and limitation in determining the location and strength are presented. It is argued that when experimenting with potential terrorist attacks involving hazardous chemical releases, observation points should be around the main line of the downwind direction when the source is known; while the uniform distribution of observation points is an efficient solution for unknown incidents. Probability modeling methods are demonstrated to be insufficient during emergency responses due to their lacking of enough prior information of unknown parameters, while optimization modeling methods are efficient and become a new trend in source determination. Findings reflect an urgent need for the development of high-accuracy detectors and further research of data transmission techniques in order to ensure the validity of these approaches.     

中国生活源固体垃圾产生和处理及其N2O排放

核算和评估固体垃圾产生和处理及其N₂O排放具有重要的现实和指导意义.本研究以中国为例（2008—2017年）,建立了固体垃圾产生、处理和N₂O排放核算框架.结果表明,10年间中国固体垃圾产生量上升了34.6%,年均6.13亿t,生活垃圾（48.6%）和工业日用品垃圾（24.6%）是主要贡献源;处理格局仍以填埋为主（占53.0%）,焚烧为辅（25.5%）;堆弃（42.5%）和焚烧（31.2%）是固体垃圾处理中N₂O气体的主要排放源,堆肥占21.9%,填埋处理排放最少（4.4%）;固体垃圾处理产生的渗滤液逐年增加,渗滤液排放的N₂O占固体垃圾处理N₂O排放总量的41.7%,生活垃圾产生的渗滤液是其主要排放源.加大垃圾分类处理和资源化利用力度,加强农村生活垃圾处理处置能力、减少垃圾堆弃量及提高垃圾处理技术对固体垃圾的产生及其N₂O排放减排至关重要.     

有证标准样品的应用及其管理方法探讨

介绍了有证标准样品的定义和主要作用,详细阐述了有证标准样品在检测实验室的7个主要应用领域、正确使用指南和科学管理方法,以保证检测实验室检测结果的准确和量值溯源性。     

焦化废水处理技术的发展

焦化废水主要来自焦化厂和煤气厂，污染物组成复杂，含有挥发酚、许多难以生物降解的芳香族有机物、多环化合物和氧硫氮等杂环化合物，属较难生化降解的高浓度有机工业废水。因此焦化废水的处理难度大，已引起国内外人士的关注，一直是国内外废水处理领域的一大难题。文章阐述了焦化废水的处理技术发展及其近年来发展的新技术。     

建立我国战略环境评价理论与方法体系

战略环境评价是环境影响评价在战略层次上的应用，是具体落实可持续发展战略的重要工具。在分析其现实意义的基础上，提出我国战略环境评价理论与方法体系的主要研究内容，就建立我国战略环境评价理论与方法提出建议。     

面向设计的地铁车站防火安全韧性评价*

为提升地铁车站防火安全韧性,以设计方案为切入视角,基于防火安全韧性的吸收、抵抗、恢复和适应能力4个维度,构建基于ANP-熵权法面向设计的地铁防火安全韧性评价指标体系,运用逼近理想解法建立地铁车站防火安全韧性设计评价模型,通过3个已建地铁车站（青岛、沈阳、福州某地铁车站）的设计案例验证该模型的有效性和可行性。研究结果表明:3个应用案例中,沈阳某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最高,福州某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最低,需进一步提升防火安全能力。评价结果与各案例的实际运行阶段基本吻合,研究思路和结果对改善地铁车站的防火安全设计具有一定参考意义。     

Using single- and multi-target regression trees and ensembles to model a compound index of vegetation condition

An important consideration in conservation and biodiversity planning is an appreciation of the condition or integrity of ecosystems. In this study, we have applied various machine learning methods to the problem of predicting the condition or quality of the remnant indigenous vegetation across an extensive area of south-eastern Australia—the state of Victoria. The field data were obtained using the ‘habitat hectares’ approach. This rapid assessment technique produces multiple scores that describe the condition of various attributes of the vegetation at a given site. Multiple sites were assessed and subsequently circumscribed with GIS and remote-sensed data.     

福州国家森林公园游客游览状况与其心理健康的关系

以福州国家森林公园为例,调查了公园游客在游览中的偏好和习惯,并结合其心境状况指标(POMS),分析了不同游览偏好与心境状况的关系。结果表明:超过60%的游客喜欢在春季游览森林公园;至少每月游览1～2次对身心健康有益,且每次游览的时间至少在2h以上为最佳;居住地距离福州国家森林公园0.5km以内的游客,心理健康状况显著优于距离0.5km以上的游客;愿意游览森林公园的游客其心理健康状况显著优于不愿意或无所谓的游客。最后,根据调查结果,对游客使用森林公园的方式以及公园管理等方面提出了建议。