低速城市道路交通噪声预测中噪声源强计算模式的适用性分析研究

为研究各种源强计算模式对低速城市道路噪声预测的适用性,本文选取了安徽省合肥市运营稳定的1条低速城市道路进行实测.将实测的噪声结果与分别采用3种平均车速计算公式(包括设计车速、JTJ 005-96规范车速、JTG B03-2006规范车速)、3种源强计算模式(包括JTJ 005-96规范源强模式、JTG B03-2006规范源强模式、卓春晖报道的源强模式)预测出的结果进行对比.结果表明,采用道路设计车速、卓春晖报道的源强模式预测的结果与实测值最为相符.     

不同城市机动车尾气排放比较及数据可分享性评价

针对我国绝大多数城市缺乏机动车相关基础数据的实际国情,探讨一种基础数据共享的可能性,用于城市机动车尾气排放清单的计算.以北京、上海、天津及成都4个城市为例,通过综合这些城市现有的机动车相关的基础数据(如机动车保有量,车龄分布,基于驾驶特征的发动机比功率(VSP),外界环境等),运用模型预测他们的机动车尾气排放并和相应城市已公布的预测值进行比较.结果表明,这几个城市的尾气排放因子有很强的相似性.而且,以成都市为例,预测的尾气排放总量与当地环保局公布的数值相比,就NOx和CO而言分别相差10.4%和1.4%;但就HC而言,相差较大,可达52.6%.尽管如此,分析表明在缺乏机动车相关的基础数据的条件下,现有的其他城市的基础数据可以用来粗略预测一般城市的机动车尾气排放的总体水平.     

西南水闸的改建方案对下游水体水质影响研究

西南涌属于北江下游大堤左岸的分洪河道。西南水闸重建后,通过调节西南水闸闸孔的开度,引入北江水进行河涌整治,将导致西南涌上游污染物向下游迁移,但涨潮时须关闸门,不让污染较严重的西南涌水进入北江。由于下游珠江口河水的上溯,上下游河水交汇处河水流速最小,污染物的交换能力最弱,导致污染物的最大浓度沉积。本研究将应用珠江口一维感潮河网模型,从水环境效果的角度出发,模拟分析在水环境容量较小的平、枯水期,不同的引水方案对水质的影响程度,提出最佳引水方案和河涌整治措施建议。     

线性规划方法在环境容量资源分配中的应用

分析了最优化数学方法,尤其是线性规划方法在环境容量资源分配规划中的若干种应用类型,提出了相关的目标函数模型和约束条件模型以及建立模型的基本步骤.以大气环境容量资源分配为案例,建立了大气环境容量分配优化线性规划模型及其边界约束条件.计算表明,线性规划最优化方法是解决区域大气环境容量资源分配的科学可行的方法.     

建立在生命周期分析之上的城市机动车能源结构优化

针对我国城市能源供需矛盾日益恶化、环境污染日益严重的现状,优化城市机动车能源结构,缓解城市机动车对传统能源的使用压力,减少尾气排放,具有十分重要的意义.因此,本文以成都市为例,采用线性优化技术,通过确定各种车用能源生命周期内的能源消耗及排放、各种能源车辆的经济成本等,分析得到成都市整个城区范围内能耗最低、排放最小的各种能源机动车数量比例.结果表明,成都市各种能源机动车的数量比例随所选目标函数的不同而有所变化.为实现总能耗最小,各种能源机动车的比例按汽油、柴油、纯电动、电力/汽油混合动力、CNG单燃料、CNG/汽油双燃料、LPG单燃料、及LPG/汽油双燃料等划分应分别68.6%、11.4%、3.7%、6.1%、5.0%、5.0%、0.1%、0.1%.与机动车数量比例优化前相比,优化后总能源消耗量、石油消耗量分别平均减少了11.5%、13.8%.除PM10及SOx排放量有所增加外,其他气体的排放均有所减少,如CO2、VOC、CO及NOx的平均排放量分别减少了10.6%、13.5%、13.5%及16.5%.这是因为机动车能源结构优化后,纯电动汽车及混合燃油汽车的比例有所增加,由于这两类汽车都需要经常充电从而增加了电网的压力.而我国发电技术主要采用火力发电,发电过程将会产生大量的PM10及SOx.本研究的成果可用于环境决策者制定有效的交通能源政策,达到城市可持续发展的目的.     

Condensed atmospheric photooxidation mechanisms for isoprene

Two condensed mechanisms for the atmospheric reactions of isoprene, which differ in the number of species used to represent isoprene's reactive products, have been developed for use in ambient air quality modehng. They are based on a detailed isoprene mechanism that has recently been developed and extensively evaluated against environmental chamber data. The new condensed mechanisms give very close predictions to those of the detailed mechanism for ozone, OH radicals, nitric acid, H₂O₂, formaldehyde, total PANS, and for incremental effects of isoprene on ozone formation in one day simulations. The effects of the condensations become somewhat greater in multi-day simulations, particularly in cases where NO₃ reactions are important at nighttime, but the ozone predictions are still very close. On the other hand, the SAPRC-90, RADM-2, and Carbon Bond IV isoprene mechanisms give quite different predictions of these quantities. It is recommended that the new mechanisms replace those currently used in airshed simulations where isoprene emissions are important.     

矿产资源人口承载力研究

本文建立了矿产资源人口承载力分析的指标体系与计算模型,并对现有资源和预测资源的人口承载力进行了定量计算和分析;确定了２０００年、２０１０年的矿产资源人口承载数量。     

Experimental investigation of biodynamic human body models subjected to whole-body vibration during a vehicle ride

In this study, responses of biodynamic human body models to whole-body vibration during a vehicle ride were investigated. Accelerations were acquired from three different body parts, such as the head, upper torso and lower torso, of 10 seated passengers during a car ride while two different road conditions were considered. The same multipurpose vehicle was used during all experiments. Additionally, by two widely used biodynamic models in the literature, a set of simulations were run to obtain theoretical accelerations of the models and were compared with those obtained experimentally. To sustain a quantified comparison between experimental and theoretical approaches, the root mean square acceleration and acceleration spectral density were calculated. Time and frequency responses of the models demonstrated that neither of the models showed the best prediction performance of the human body behaviour in all cases, indicating that further models are required for better prediction of the human body responses.     

人群疏散中"非适应性"行为的研究

本文从人与人的相互作用和社会学、心理学的角度,对人群疏散中“非适应性”行为的理论、计算机模型、模拟原理等进行了较为深入的研究,并以具体实例说明了Building Exodus软件在人群疏散模拟分析中的具体应用,为完善该研究方向的计算机模型和促进软件的开发提供理论和方法的指导.文章得出的结论是：“非适应”人群行为的研究需要从心理学和社会学的角度建立人群中个人行为与社会行为的理论框架.“非适应”人群行为的研究方法必须与紧急情况相结合,而紧急情况是一个由多个人员组成的复杂系统,大量人群环境的模拟需要涉及到人与人之间,人与环境之间的相互作用.