珠江三角洲近地层CO2通量模拟分析与评估验证

利用能分别代表珠江三角洲草地、城市绿地及地带性森林植被生态系统的番禺站、东莞站和鼎湖山站CO2净通量资料对CT-2010碳源汇反演模式系统进行了验证,并利用该模式初步分析了区域净碳通量的时空分布及不同生态系统的碳汇特征.结果表明: CT-2010模式模拟的珠江三角洲城市绿地、地带性植被、以及草地生态系统碳通量与站点观测结果具有较好的一致性,其拟合相关系数(r)高于0.60(P<0.01),小时、逐日、日变化的残差均值低于2.0μmol/(m2?s);模式一定程度上能反映3种生态系统碳通量的季节分布特征,但各月的模拟值均高于观测值,其中对城市绿地生态系统的模拟最接近,残差年均值为0.964μmol/(m2?s),对草地和地带性森林植被生态系统的模拟效果相当,残差年均值分别为 2.056,2.100μmol/(m2?s);2004~2005年期间珠江三角洲地区近地层净碳通量为3.43μmol/(m2?s),其中冬季最强,为1.4μmol/(m2?s),春季次之,为1.35μmol/(m2?s),秋季和夏季最低,分别为0.51和0.18μmol/(m2?s);在冬、春两季,珠江三角洲区域为强的碳源区,而在夏、秋季,粤北和粤东大部分地区为较弱碳汇区;2004~2005年期间珠江三角洲地区陆地生态系统的碳汇为-6.5×10-3PgC,其中农作物,草地/灌木,常绿针叶/阔叶混合林是吸收CO2的主要生态系统,其净通量占陆地生态系统的比率分别为42.01%,31.46%和26.53%.     

氮素在河流生态系统中的滞留研究进展

河流是陆地生态系统和水生生态系统物质循环的主要连接通道,氮素在河流生态系统中发生复杂的物理、化学、生态过程,氮素的滞留影响输出形态、负荷,人为活动改变滞留过程,加剧水体富营养化。总结了国内外河流生态系统中的氮素滞留方面研究。滞留主要受控于生物因素和非生物因素,需要恢复河流生态系统的结构和功能,加强氮素滞留,改善区域水环境。     

生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价原理与方法

介绍了敏感性及生态系统对酸沉降的绝对敏感性和相对敏感性的概念,概念了水体和土壤对酸沉降绝对敏感性评价的方法。通过分析比较生态系统中各生态子对酸沉降的缓冲能力,担子同建立生态系统对酸沉降相对敏感性评价的基本原理,并介绍了建立的评价才近期的发展。     

Dioxins in the Venice lagoon

Venice is famous around the world for its uniqueness and architectural splendours, arts and the history of the “Serenissima Repubblica”, as it was known in the past, but few are aware that Venice economy is strongly dependent on the industrial activities based mainly on the adjacent Porto Marghera area. For many years, the lagoon that physically separates the city from the dry land has avoided association between the concern connected with the pollution derived from these industrial activities and the public perception of Venice. Since 1995, dioxins have appeared as a lagoon contaminant, and their presence, at such a level requiring immediate “in depth” studies and interventions, has been fully realized for decades.     

Linking Terrestrial and Marine Conservation Planning and Threats Analysis

Abstract:  The existence of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone makes it clear that marine ecosystems can be damaged by terrestrial inputs. Marine and terrestrial conservation planning need to be aligned in an explicit fashion to fully represent threats to marine systems. To integrate conservation planning for terrestrial and marine systems, we used a novel threats assessment that included 5 cross-system threats in a site-prioritization exercise for the Pacific Northwest coast ecoregion (U.S.A.). Cross-system threats are actions or features in one ecological realm that have effects on species in another realm. We considered bulkheads and other forms of shoreline hardening threats to terrestrial systems and roads, logging, agriculture, and urban areas threats to marine systems. We used 2 proxies of freshwater influence on marine environments, validated against a mechanistic model and field observations, to propagate land-based threats into marine sites. We evaluated the influence of cross-system threats on conservation priorities by comparing MARXAN outputs for 3 scenarios that identified terrestrial and marine priorities simultaneously: (1) no threats, (2) single-system threats, and (3) single- and cross-system threats. Including cross-system threats changed the threat landscape dramatically. As a result the best plan that included only single-system threats identified 323 sites (161,500 ha) at risk from cross-system threats. Including these threats changed the location of best sites. By comparing the best and sum solutions of the single- and cross-system scenarios, we identified areas ideal for preservation or restoration through integrated management. Our findings lend quantitative support to the call for explicitly integrated decision making and management action in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.     

A Review of the Northern Ecosystem Initiative in Arctic Canada: Facilitating Arctic Ecosystem Research Through Traditional and Novel Approaches

The Canadian Arctic is undergoing considerable social and environmental change. Anthropogenic stressors on this sensitive environment include climate change, contaminants, resource extraction, tourism and increasing human populations. The Northern Ecosystem Initiative (NEI) is a program aimed at supporting the sustainability of northern communities, and at improving our understanding of how northern ecosystems respond to these environmental stressors. A key element of the NEI is to establish partnerships between all levels of government, non-governmental environmental agencies, and northern residents. The NEI is an important source of financial support critical for social and environmental scientists as well as northern residents and their community and regional organizations. Initiated in 1998, the NEI has supported numerous northern scientific and capacity-building projects, and has evaluated the information gained from this work to refine and focus its future support to address key information gaps and northern needs.     

A Spatially Explicit Resource-Based Approach for Managing Stream Fishes in Riverscapes

The article describes a riverscape approach based on landscape ecology concepts, which aims at studying the multiscale relationships between the spatial pattern of stream fish habitat patches and processes depending on fish movements. A review of the literature shows that few operational methods are available to study this relationship due to multiple methodological and practical challenges inherent to underwater environments. We illustrated the approach with literature data on a cyprinid species (Barbus barbus) and an actual riverscape of the Seine River, France. We represented the underwater environment of fishes for different discharges using two-dimensional geographic information system-based maps of the resource habitat patches, defined according to activities (feeding, resting, and spawning). To quantify spatial patterns at nested levels (resource habitat patch, daily activities area, subpopulation area), we calculated their composition, configuration, complementation, and connectivity with multiple spatial analysis methods: patch metrics, moving-window analysis, and least cost modeling. The proximity index allowed us to evaluate habitat patches of relatively great value, depending on their spatial context, which contributes to the setting of preservation policies. The methods presented to delimit potential daily activities areas and subpopulation areas showed the potential gaps in the biological connectivity of the reach. These methods provided some space for action in restoration schemes.     

浙江浦阳江大型底栖无脊椎动物物种多样性和生态功能恢复研究

为科学评估河流修复效果,研究修复河流中底栖动物物种多样性和生态功能恢复特征,以浙江省浦江县浦阳江干流为研究对象,分别对2个近自然河段、2个城区修复河段和3个郊区修复河段在修复后1,3,4和5年的水质和底栖动物恢复状况进行调查研究.采用广义最小二乘法(GLS)模型探索底栖动物物种多样性(总物种丰富度、EPT丰富度和Sha...     

微波消解-ICP/MS法测定水系沉积物中多种元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水系沉积物中12种元素,通过优化试验相关条件消除质谱干扰和非质谱干扰对测定的影响,使方法在0μg/L~200μg/L范围内线性良好,当取样质量为0.25 g,定容体积为50 m L时,各元素的方法检出限为0.002 mg/kg~0.05 mg/kg。用该方法测定沉积物标准物质,6次测定结果均在标准值范围内,RSD为1.3%~6.1%,实际样品的加标回收率为83.0%~97.0%。     

Ambiental dust speciation and metal content variation in TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in urban atmospheric air of Harare (Zimbabwe)

The effects of timber harvesting on stream water quality and efficiency of alternate streamside management zones were evaluated in Pockwock Lake and Five Mile Lake watersheds in central Nova Scotia, Canada. The streamside management zone (SMZ) included a 20 m no cut, 20 m select cut and a 30 m select cut buffer strips along the stream. Water quality of eight streams, six in harvested and two in not-harvested watersheds were monitored for two years before and two years after the harvesting of timber. Nonparametric statistical tests on stream water quality showed that there was significant change in the concentration of potassium in six streams, manganese in five streams, zinc in two streams and total nitrogen in one stream after timber harvesting. There was no significant change in the quality of water in two streams used as control sites in the neighboring watersheds of similar size and hydrological characteristics. The results show that forest management practices were most favorable in streams maintained with 30 m select cut followed by 20 m no cut and 20 m select cut SMZ. The streamside zone width and treatment of select cut or no cut in the zone played an important role in filtering or retaining the minerals in surface water runoff. In buffer zones of similar width, the buffer zone with no cut or forested buffer was relatively more effective at protecting stream water quality than select cut SMZ. The vegetation in the zone may have decreased the flow velocity and increased residence time and thus increased filtration and retention of minerals in the riparian soil.