Impacts of Rotational Grazing and Riparian Buffers on Physicochemical and Biological Characteristicsof Southeastern Minnesota, USA, Streams

We assessed the relationship between riparian management and stream quality along five southeastern Minnesota streams in 1995 and 1996. Specifically, we examined the effect of rotationally and continuously grazed pastures and different types of riparian buffer strips on water chemistry, physical habitat, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish as indicators of stream quality. We collected data at 17 sites under different combinations of grazing and riparian management, using a longitudinal design on three streams and a paired watershed design on two others. Continuous and rotational grazing were compared along one longitudinal study stream and at the paired watershed. Riparian buffer management, fenced trees (wood buffer), fenced grass, and unfenced rotationally grazed areas were the focus along the two remaining longitudinal streams. Principal components analysis (PCA) of water chemistry, physical habitat, and biotic data indicated a local management effect. The ordinations separated continuous grazing from sites with rotational grazing and sites with wood buffers from those with grass buffers or rotationally grazed areas. Fecal coliform and turbidity were consistently higher at continuously grazed than rotationally grazed sites. Percent fines in the streambed were significantly higher at sites with wood buffers than grass and rotationally grazed areas, and canopy cover was similar at sites with wood and grass buffers. Benthic macroinvertebrate metrics were significant but were not consistent across grazing and riparian buffer management types. Fish density and abundance were related to riparian buffer type, rather than grazing practices. Our study has potentially important implications for stream restoration programs in the midwestern United States. Our comparisons suggest further consideration and study of a combination of grass and wood riparian buffer strips as midwestern stream management options, rather than universally installing wood buffers in every instance. RID=" ID=" The Unit is jointly sponsored by the US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division; the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; the University of Minnesota; and the Wildlife Management Institute.     

Global information sampling in the honey bee

Central to the question of task allocation in social insects is how workers acquire information. Patrolling is a curious behavior in which bees meander over the face of the comb inspecting cells. Several authors have suggested it allows bees to collect global information, but this has never been formally evaluated. This study explores this hypothesis by answering three questions. First, do bees gather information in a consistent manner as they patrol? Second, do they move far enough to get a sense of task demand in distant areas of the nest? And third, is patrolling a commonly performed task? Focal animal observations were used to address the first two predictions, while a scan sampling study was used to address the third. The results were affirmative for each question. While patrolling, workers collected information by performing periodic clusters of cell inspections. Patrolling bees not only traveled far enough to frequently change work zone; they often visited every part of the nest. Finally, the majority of the bees in the middle-age caste were shown to move throughout the nest over the course of a few hours in a manner suggestive of patrolling. Global information collection is contrary to much current theory, which assumes that workers respond to local information only. This study thus highlights the nonmutually exclusive nature of various information collection regimes in social insects.     

Assessing Potential Removal of Low-Head Dams in Urban Settings: An Example from the Ottawa River,NW Ohio

This is a study of the scientific component of an effort to restore an urban river by removing a low-head dam. The Secor Dam is owned by a local government entity near Toledo, Ohio. The proposed removal of the last structure impeding flow on the Ottawa River has broad appeal, but the owner is concerned about liability issues, particularly potential changes to the flood regime, the presence of contaminated sediments behind the dam, and possible downstream transport of reservoir sediments. Assessing sediment contamination involved sediment sampling and analysis of trace metals and organic contaminants. Forecasting sediment transport involved field methods to determine the volume and textural properties of reservoir and upstream sediment and calculations to determine the fate of reservoir sediments. Forecasting changes in the flood regime involved HEC-RAS hydrological models to determine before and after dam removal flood scenarios using LiDAR data imported into an ArcGIS database. The resulting assessment found potential sediment contamination to be minor, and modeling showed that the removal of the dam would have minimal impacts on sediment transport and flood hazards. Based on the assessment, the removal of the dam has been approved by its owners.     

小麦不同抗蚜品种中3种酚酸类化合物的含量变化及其作用评价

选择KOK1679和Li(抗蚜)、北京837和北京411(感蚜)等4个小麦品种(系),采用HPLC方法测定了不同生长期或组织中对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸3种酚酸化合物的含量变化.结果表明,在不同生长期或组织中,对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的含量在各品种问均有显著的差异,但在小麦植株体内不同组织中的含量并不完全与品种抗感蚜性一致.在3个生长期或组织中,小麦抗蚜品种中的阿魏酸含量均显著高于感蚜品种;而咖啡酸在苗期组织和旗叶中以及对羟基苯甲酸在穗部,小麦抗蚜和感蚜品种中的含量恰恰与阿魏酸含量相反.由此可见,阿魏酸在不同生长期或组织中的含量高低符合小麦品种抗蚜和感蚜特性,因此可能与小麦对蚜虫的抗性密切相关.同时,对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的含量在小麦各品种中随不同生长期或组织而变化.除KOK1679品种中的对羟基苯甲酸外,在其他各品种中,不同生长期或组织中的3种化合物含量均表现出显著的差异.图2表1参21     

重庆市清水溪底泥中镉污染的潜在生态风险评价

采用地累积指数和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,通过分析清水溪18个采样点底泥中典型重金属镉的含量,定量确定了清水溪底泥中重金属镉的污染程度和潜在生态风险程度。结果表明,清水溪流域镉污染比较严重,上游比下游污染严重,而且在新桥到高滩岩段受到重金属镉的中强度污染,对周围环境存在极高的镉生态风险。在清水溪干流上采样点底泥中镉的质量浓度范围在0.38~1.48mg/kg之间,平均值0.88mg/kg,各支流底泥中镉的质量浓度范围为0.51~1.08mg/kg。对于清水溪各支流镉的污染程度与潜在生态风险程度由高到低的排序为杨家沟>金竹沟>芭蕉沟>关井沟>石碾盘沟。     

不同土地利用对溪流大型底栖无脊椎动物群落的影响

2010年4月调查了钱塘江中游区域29个样点的水环境特征和底栖动物。聚类排序将样点分为参照、农业和城镇3组,相似性分析表明不同组间底栖动物群落有显著差异(r=0.863,P=0.001)。环境因子的主成分分析表明,研究区域主要的环境胁迫是农业和城镇用地及其引起的水质变化,并能较好解释组间物种差异的关键环境胁迫因子为农业用地比例、城镇用地比例、溶解氧、总氮和平均底质得分(Rho=0.568,P=0.001)。底栖动物参数(总分类单元数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、BI指数和丰富度指数)和k-优势度曲线显示农业和城镇组的生物完整性遭到很大程度的破坏,且农业组较城镇组严重。     

重庆市清水溪河流沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

采用单因子指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,通过分析清水溪流域18个采样点沉积物中典型重金属污染物Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的含量,定量确定了清水溪沉积物中重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险程度。结果表明,清水溪流域污染非常严重,上中游河段受到重金属的高强度污染,主要的重金属污染因子为Zn,污染因子的高低顺序为：Zn>Cu>Cr>Cd>Pb;潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为255.58,清水溪处于高值潜在生态风险,且上中游河段潜在生态风险指数很高,主要的潜在生态风险因子为Cd,潜在生态风险因子的大小顺序为：Cd>Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb。     

基于CNKI数据库的植物与昆虫关系研究文献计量分析

分析植物与昆虫的复杂关系是中国生物学研究的重要内容,虽然目前国内学者倾向于将相关论文发表在国外期刊上,但自始至终国内期刊仍是本领域科研成果的主阵地。随着开展植物与昆虫关系的研究日益增多,尚缺乏系统梳理本领域国内期刊论文的相关研究。为此,利用CiteSpace软件对1953—2020年CNKI数据库收录学术论文的年度发文量、期刊分布、关键词时间动态、研究热点与发展变化进行可视化分析,以期厘清和总结国内期刊对植物与昆虫关系研究成果发表的现状、热点和不足,推动中国学者将本领域的研究成果发表在国内期刊上。研究结果表明,（1）国内期刊植物与昆虫关系研究领域的年度发文数量总体呈增长趋势,趋势大致分为起步期-增长期-衰减期-恢复期4个阶段。（2）本领域发表在国内期刊的论文以昆虫生态学和害虫综合治理为主要研究内容,较多论文发表在昆虫学领域的期刊上。（3）植物与昆虫关系研究内容逐渐多样化,围绕“寄主植物”、“植食性昆虫”和“传粉昆虫”3个主题词开展了较多及较长时间的研究,为本领域的发展奠定了基础。在此基础上,对于植物次生代谢产物对植食性昆虫取食行为的影响、植物繁育系统与访花昆虫行为特征的作用关系、植物与...