人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复综合评价方法

构建了人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复多目标综合评价指标体系,对生态修复中影响评价指标量化结果的因素进行了综合考虑,提出了包含主、客观因子并反映层次关系的综合权重确定方法,进而建立了一种人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复综合评价方法,以更好地解决多目标决策中的总目标量化问题.最后,以正在建设的永定河生态修复工程为例,通过构建典型的生态修复情景方案,对建立的评价指标体系进行应用,确定各评价指标的综合权重系数,并对构建的情景决策方案进行了综合评估,验证本文提出的评价指标权重综合调整的必要性,说明构建的人工补水条件下的缺水河流生态修复综合评价方法的合理性与可行性.结果表明,所提出的评价方法不仅对人工补水条件下的河流生态修复决策具有一定的实用价值,而且对其它类型生态修复多目标综合决策评价也具有借鉴意义.     

基于生态网络—人类干扰的国土空间生态修复优先区诊断——以长株潭城市群为例

基于整体保护与系统治理思维诊断生态修复优先区,是科学有序推进国土空间生态修复的重要抓手。以长株潭城市群为例,利用人类足迹定量评估人类活动对生态系统的干扰强度,在此基础上通过最小累积阻力模型、电路理论、移动窗口搜索法等,识别生态网络并诊断人类干扰致其结构与功能受损的关键区域为生态修复优先区。研究表明：（1）城市群人类干扰整体呈核心—边缘递减的圈层式分布,且西高东低,北高南低;（2）识别区域生态网络,其中包含140个生态源地斑块以及307条源间潜在生态廊道;（3）诊断得到生态源地修复优先区共计867.17 km²,生态廊道修复优先区共计97.83 km,生态夹点修复优先区共计40处,从面线点相结合角度提出消除或弱化人类干扰的修复策略。研究能为新时代区域国土空间生态修复的规划编制与实施工作提供空间指引。     

生态—社会经济系统耦合方法在县域国土空间生态修复规划中的运用——以四川威远县为例

国土空间规划体制具有强烈生态指向意义,生态安全已是国土空间安全的重点。以四川省威远县为研究对象,针对县域生态国土空间的生态资源破坏、生态系统紊乱等问题,利用生态—社会经济系统耦合方法,从要素修复、结构优化、系统价值提升三个角度构筑系统耦合度评价指标体系,计算系统耦合度及子系统综合功效,综合耦合系统时空格局变化分析得出县域生态修复安全目标格局与生态修复对策。研究结果表明：（1）县域生态修复规划具有目标多层次性、系统复合性及途径多样化性,可从宏、中、微观层级提出对策。（2）系统耦合度在0.457~0.497区间浮动,耦合系统现处于拮抗时期向磨合时期发展。（3）依据系统耦合度、子系统综合功效及指标影响度构建“点—线—面”的生态修复格局。研究提出应对县域尺度的生态修复专项规划方法和实践运用,可为当前县域国土空间规划编制提供新的思路和方法。     

Land Use and Climate Variability Amplify Carbon,Nutrient, and Contaminant Pulses: A Review with Management Implications

Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and urbanization is increasing globally at the same time climate extremes have increased in frequency and intensity. We review >200 studies of hydrologic and gaseous fluxes and show how the interaction between land use and climate variability alters magnitude and frequency of carbon, nutrient, and greenhouse gas pulses in watersheds. Agricultural and urban watersheds respond similarly to climate variability due to headwater alteration and loss of ecosystem services to buffer runoff and temperature changes. Organic carbon concentrations/exports increase and organic carbon quality changes with runoff. Nitrogen and phosphorus exports increase during floods (sometimes by an order of magnitude) and decrease during droughts. Relationships between annual runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus exports differ across land use. CH₄ and N₂O pulses in riparian zones/floodplains predominantly increase with: flooding, warming, low oxygen, nutrient enrichment, and organic carbon. CH₄, N₂O, and CO₂ pulses in streams/rivers increase due to similar factors but effects of floods are less known compared to base flow/droughts. Emerging questions include: (1) What factors influence lag times of contaminant pulses in response to extreme events? (2) What drives resistance/resilience to hydrologic and gaseous pulses? We conclude with eight recommendations for managing watershed pulses in response to interactive effects of land use and climate change.     

Hydrobiogeochemical Controls on Riparian Nutrient and Greenhouse Gas Dynamics: 10 Years Post‐Restoration

Little is known about the impact of agricultural legacy on subsurface biogeochemical processes in the years following restoration of riparian wetlands (WLs). More knowledge is also needed on the relative importance of seasons, precipitation events, and inputs of water and nutrients driving nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and greenhouse gas (GHG) (N₂O, CO₂, CH₄) dynamics in these systems. This investigation of a riparian zone comprising a restored WL area and a nonrestored well‐drained alluvium (AL) area in the United States Midwest revealed that despite successful hydrological restoration a decade earlier, biogeochemical conditions in the WL area remained less anoxic than in natural WLs, and not significantly different from those in the AL area. No significant differences in N, P, S, and C compound concentrations or fluxes were observed between the AL and WL areas. Over the duration of the study, nitrate (NO₃^?) and soluble reactive phosphorus appeared to be primarily driven by hillslope contributions. Ammonium (NH₄⁺), sulfate (SO₄^2?), and CO₂ responded strongly to seasonal changes in biogeochemical conditions in the riparian zone, while N₂O and CH₄ fluxes were most influenced by large rewetting events. Overall, our results challenge overly simplistic assumptions derived from direct interpretation of redox thermodynamics, and show complex patterns of solutes and GHGs at the riparian zone scale.     

Rapid Geomorphic and Habitat Stream Assessment Techniques Inform Restoration Differently Based on Levels of Stream Disturbance

Visual‐based rapid assessment techniques provide an efficient method for characterizing the restoration potential of streams, with many focusing on channel stability and instream habitat features. Few studies, however, have compared these techniques to see if they result in differing restoration priorities. Three rapid assessment techniques were contrasted at three wild trout streams in western New York with different amounts of channel disturbance. Two methods focused only on geomorphic stability, whereas the third addressed physical habitat condition. Habitat assessment scores were not correlated with scores for either geomorphic assessment method and they varied more between channels with different degrees of disturbance. A model based on dynamic equilibrium concepts best explains the variation among the streams and techniques because it accounts for a stream's capacity to maintain ecological integrity despite some inherent instability. Geomorphic indices can serve as effective proxies for biological indices in highly disturbed systems. Yet, this may not be the case in less disturbed systems, where geomorphic indices cannot differentiate channel adjustments that impact biota from those that do not. Dynamically stable streams can include both stable and unstable reaches locally as characterized by geomorphic methods and translating these results into restoration priorities may not be appropriate if interpretations are limited to the reach scale.     

贺兰山露天煤矿生态修复前后植物群落差异及地境结构研究

为探究贺兰山露天煤矿生态修复后植被恢复情况,依据生态地质学的相关理论和方法,通过野外植物群落特征和植物根群结构调查,以及植被地下生境土壤肥分养分取样与测试,对背景区与恢复区植物群落结构和物种多样性差异进行了对比分析,确定了不同植物群落的地下生境范围,并进一步探究了影响植被恢复的土壤因子.结果 表明:①贺兰山自然保护区主...     

WIDTH OF STREAMS AND RIVERS IN RESPONSE TO VEGETATION,BANK MATERIAL,AND OTHER FACTORS1

ABSTRACT: An extensive group of datasets was analyzed to examine factors affecting widths of streams and rivers. Results indicate that vegetative controls on channel size are scale dependent. In channels with watersheds greater than 10 to 100 km², widths are narrower in channels with thick woody bank vegetation than in grass lined or nonforested banks. The converse is true in smaller streams apparently due to interactions between woody debris, shading, understory vegetation, rooting characteristics, and channel size. A tree based statistical method (regression tree) is introduced and tested as a tool for identifying thresholds of response and interpreting interactions between variables. The implications of scale dependent controls on channel width are discussed in the context of stable channel design methods and development of regional hydraulic geometry curves.     

水土资源恢复中的先锋豆科灌木──胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）的栽植研究

胡枝子栽植在侵蚀劣地上，其栽植技术简单，表现耐瘠、耐旱、耐寒，根系发达，生物量高，其枝叶或可作“三料”或可用以编织；同其它常见灌木相比，具有显著的生长优势。利用胡枝子碎粉培殖香茹，既能节约大量木材，又可获取可观经济效益；胡枝子栽植对侵蚀劣地蓄水改土效果明显，对恢复土壤肥力和水利资源，因而值得推广。     

“十二五”中国非正规生活垃圾填埋场存量整治工作进展

垃圾填埋场由于建设时期久远,相关标准、规范缺失,中国仍存在大量非正规生活垃圾填埋场.“十二五”期间,国家开始对即将停用的非正规填埋场进行封场整治,要求各省上报整理工作量.文章对“十二五”期间,各地非正规填埋场的存量整治工作进行统计整理,从统计数据来看,非正规填埋场存量整治工作量巨大,未来仍需大量时间和财力投入才能彻底完成全部工作.