煤系高碳硫铁矿在制酸工艺中不良影响及开发利用浅析

本文阐述了煤系高碳硫铁矿在制酸中不良影响,提出用HNO_3催化氧化综合利用硫铁矿和用物理方法提硫降碳提高其利用价值,达到保护环境的目的。     

环境智能决策支持系统

分别对决策支持系统和专家系统技术在环境科学领域中的应用进行了概述，分析了决策支持系统和专家系统的主要不同点，描述了决策支持系统集成专家系统而形成的智能决策支持系统方式，同时以大气污染总量控制规划智能决策支持系统为实例，分析了开发环境智能决策支持系统的必要性。以及环境智能决策支持系统的设计方法。     

医院旱厕粪便无害化处理研究

粪便是多种疾病的传染源。病人、潜伏期病原携带者、慢性病原携带者等，通过粪便排出病原体，使健康者受感染。医院是各类病人集中的地方，医院厕所粪便则是重要的疾病传染源。据有关报导，我国中小城镇排污处理设施不足，污水处理系统严重欠缺。乡、镇基层医院仍以旱厕为主，兼有少数水冲厕。贵州省现有县级及县级以下医院约２０００所，一般为旱厕，其粪便均未经无害化处理，成为当地重要的疾病传染源。文章着重介绍以两级厌氧池（Ａｎａｅｒｏｂｉｃｔａｎｋ）去除好氧病原菌为主，再由两级氧化池（Ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎｔａｎｋ）去除厌氧病菌的双Ａ双Ｏ法，处理贵阳市传染病院门诊旱厕粪便，使其达到粪便无害化卫生标准（ＧＢ７９５９－８７），预防减少疾病传播；同时进行制取生物质能沼气的试验及研究。     

优序法用于环境质量的比较

应用优序法比较多个环境单元的环境质量优劣。通过实例计算，获得了与密切值法、模糊综合相似选择法和姚志麒指数法相一致的排序结果。实例分析表明，该方法概念明确、计算简便，实用性强。     

泸定县农业资源生态系统评价与决策分析

文章综合分析了影响泸定县农业生态系统因素间的关系,建立了评价与决策分析层次模型。通过层次模型判断矩阵的运算,求出各层次因素相对目标层重要性的合成权值,并在此基础上评价泸定县农业资源生态系统的效益水平和优选该系统建设决策措施实施的最佳顺次结构。     

MULTICRITERION ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Multicriterion decision making (MCDM) techniques were used to analyze a groundwater contamination management problem from the viewpoint of conflicting multiple objectives. The groundwater management model was used to find a compromise strategy for trading off fresh water supply, containment of the waste, and total pumping cost in a hypothetical confined aquifer affected by previous waste disposal action. A groundwater flow model was used to formulate the hydraulic constraints. A linear system model was used to describe drawdown and velocity as functions of the decision variables which were pumping rates. The model determines the pumping location and rates. A modified c-constraint method was used to generate the set of nondominated solutions which were the alternative compromise strategies. Three different MCDM techniques, Compromise programming (CP), ELECTRA II and MCQA II, were used to select a “satisficing” alternative. Analysis of the results showed that, although these techniques follow different principles, the same preferred strategies were reached. Also, it was noticed that maintaining high groundwater velocities is expensive and difficult. In order to meet a two year target date, large amounts of water had to be pumped. Therefore, rapid restoration results in large pumping volumes and high costs.     

COMPUTER ASSISTED NEGOTIATION OF MULTIOBJECTIVE WATER RESOURCES CONFLICTS1

ABSTRACT: Since the early 1970s, a large volume of literature has accumulated related to multiobjective water resources management problems. A relatively small portion of this specifically addresses the negotiation process required when there are multiple decision makers with conflicting objectives. This paper focuses on that process and describes a computer program designed to assist such negotiation processes. This interactive computer assisted negotiation support system is called ICANS. ICANS is designed for dynamic, multi-issue, multi-party negotiation problems. Based on information provided in confidence by each party via an interactive graphical interface, the program can help determine if there exist any possible alternatives that are equivalent or even preferred to each party's decision in the absence of a negotiated agreement. If such alternatives exist, through a series of iterations in which each party's input data, assumptions, and preferences may change, ICANS can assist the parties in their search for a mutually acceptable and preferred agreement. A simple example illustrates the data requirements and the use of ICANS in negotiation experiments.     

PERSISTENT CONFLICTS OVER TIMBER PRODUCTION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENP: A PROBLEM ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: Most forest lands are managed for multiple purposes, among them timber production and water supply. Conflicts often arise in such cases because logging is perceived as a threat to water quality. These conflicts can result from uncertain factual information, from differences in underlying social values, or from imbalances in the incidence of costs and benefits. Resulting conificts may go unresolved because existing institutional structures fail to address the real roots of the dispute. When such conificts go unresolved, benefits are often lost, and social, political, and managerial costs are high. This study found that the roots of conifict may lie in value differences or in interest impacts, but attention may be focused inappropriately and unproductively on factual issues. It suggests that at least some long-standing disputes in the management of forested watersheds may be resolved by identifying the root causes of these disputes and choosing those actions, whether they be changes in management guidelines or altered institutional structures, which are appropriate to those causes.     

Public and Private Compromises in Agricultural Water Management

Agricultural water management is a complex decision-making problem involving multiple criteria of different nature as well as multiple decision agents with different interests. To handle this multiplicity of objectives and interests a pragmatic approach based on compromise programming is proposed in this paper. The methodology is applied to an agricultural water management problem in Tauste, Spain. Public, environmentalist and private decision makers are considered. The approach proposed reveals itself as a pragmatic alternative to other approaches based on aggregate utility functions with very sound theoretical underpinnings but with few possibilities of actually being put into practice.     

MAXIMIZING THE VALUE OF INFORMATION FOR GROUND WATER PROTECTION: THREE TEST CASES1

ABSTRACT: Public awareness of the importance of protecting the nation's water supplies is growing. Recent studies have shown a substantial increase in the perceived value of protecting water supplies for future use. In the Northeast, much of the water supply comes from ground water. This paper examines three test cases, each with different approaches for using geographic information systems (GIS) for ground water protection planning. In Wellfleet, Massachusetts, build-out scenarios were used to support regulatory and land acquisition decisions for siting a public water supply well. In Hadley, Massachusetts, the focus was on a decision support model for septic suitability assessment in support of regulatory efforts and infrastructure expansion. For Cortland County, New York, an interactive graphic user interface was created to facilitate the manipulation and recombination of a large volume of data by county officials to target ground water pollution prevention efforts. As personal computers become more powerful and inexpensive, and GIS data become more readily available, community and county governments are turning to GIS as a tool for developing comprehensive resource protection plans. Once appropriate data are input, a GIS can effectively and efficiently be used to derive outcomes of various land use plans and regulations.