Theorizing distributive justice and the practice of post-disaster housing recovery

This paper examines the implications of contemporary conceptions of distributive justice for post-disaster recovery programmes. The question asked in this paper is essentially theoretical: what does a concern with distributive justice entail when developing and evaluating post-disaster recovery programmes? Housing recovery programmes are employed to provide a contextual grounding for the discussion. We present a review of the disaster recovery literature and recent programmes of post-disaster housing recovery to map the ways in which distributive justice have been theorized, interpreted, debated and put into practice. We reflect on what different principles of distributive justice imply for post-disaster recovery programmes in terms of their impact on opportunities for individuals and communities to recover from disasters, and also on their realizing possibilities of advancing justice in the post-disaster society. The paper concludes by outlining a number of dimensions of a pluralist account of distributive justice. Using these dimensions and taking into account tensions within and between them, we attempt to offer a framework for reflecting on and assessing distributive arrangements of disaster recovery programmes.     

Rural residents and choice of building earthquake-resistant house: results of a choice experiment study

Rural settlements, especially in developing countries, are disproportionally vulnerable to natural hazards due to both biophysical and social vulnerability. Building hazard-resistant houses requires a thorough understanding of hazards and institutional and financial resources. However, it is equally important for planners and policymakers to know how rural residents make the tradeoff between various housing attributes when provided with the resources such as low-interest housing construction loans. In this study, we use a choice experiment (CE) to examine rural households' preference for earthquake resistance when building houses. A total of 300 households from randomly selected villages in central districts of Guilan Province in Iran were recruited for a CE study in which they had to choose between a number of houses that differed in terms of the required construction loan, resistance to earthquakes, size, and exterior and interior designs. Our results show that the average resident preferred larger houses with better exterior and interior designs to more earthquake-resistant houses, and is willing to spend more on these attributes than earthquake safety. These results indicate that rural households are willing to receive loans to improve their houses but that this does not translate into more earthquake-resistant houses.     

Post-Sidr public housing assistance in Bangladesh: a case study

Housing is not only a structure, but also a process tied up with social, cultural, psychological and economic attributes. Following Cyclone Sidr, the Government of Bangladesh has been using ‘build back better’ as a colloquial slogan to push forward the idea of resilience in post-disaster interventions, especially with regard to rebuilding houses. This paper examines how and whether the idea is reflected through the government's post-Sidr housing project at Gabtola. It problematizes the slogan from the accounts of community participation, local practicalities, culture, weather and potential future risks. Based on eight months of ethnographic fieldwork at Gabtola, this research found that the basic attributes of the ‘build back better’ slogan are absent with regard to the housing scheme's cost efficiency, management, livelihoods, public health aspects and tolerance against a super-cyclone. These findings will provide valuable insights into the problems associated with the implementation of post-cyclone public housing programmes in Bangladesh. Such insights can assist public authorities and other relevant organizations and donor agencies in revising and improving their post-disaster housing programmes in the wake of future disasters.     

生活小区污水处理膜生物反应器设计

生活小区污水处理与回用技术,采用淹没式膜生物反应器为主,同时脱氮除磷的工艺。选用韩国KORED平板聚醚砜(PES)膜。介绍了该膜的性能及污染控制方法、各构筑物设计参数,并进行了投资分析。     

保障性住房租购选择研究

在当前保障性住房供给与需求矛盾不断加深的背景下,研究保障对象对保障性住房的租赁或购买的需求特征及其关键影响因素,具有较强的必要性与现实意义。本文通过问卷调查方式获取城市中心城区受保障对象的需求特征数据,从保障对象住房需求的视角,分析影响保障性住房租赁或购买选择的相关因素。文中构建了Logit模型,并检验各因素对保障性住房租购选择的影响关系及强度。结果显示:(1)住区环境、个体特征、家庭特征、住房特征等四大类因素对保障性住房租购选择产生显著的影响;(2)住区环境中,教育资源、交通配套设施等是影响保障性住房租购选择的关键指标,这些关键指标的改善,将会使保障对象更倾向于购买保障房而不是租赁;(3)个体特征中,性别与年龄对保障性住房租购选择影响最大,相比男性、年轻人,女性、年长者更倾向于购买保障性住房而不是租赁;(4)家庭特征方面,人口数量多、经济收入高等特征的家庭更愿意选择购买保障房,但家庭人口数量的影响大于家庭经济收入;(5)住房特征中,居住稳定性对保障性住房租购选择影响最大,其次是保障性住房准入政策合理性、住房面积及户型,这些因素的改善,都将提高保障对象对保障性住房做出购买的决策。因此,提供多形式、多条件的保障性住房,才能满足不同保障对象的租赁或购买的需求。设置合理的保障性住房准入条件,构建科学合理规范的保障性住房供给标准和住房保障运行机制,才能使迫切需要租购保障房的家庭从中受益。     

土地供给、房价与中国人口半城镇化

近十多年来,中国房价快速上涨,人口半城镇化率也随之迅速上升。针对这一现象,本文首次将土地供给、房价与人口半城镇化置于同一框架下进行系统分析,采用两阶段最小二乘法,以土地出让面积作为房价的工具变量,有效克服模型的内生性,从理论和实证两个方面研究了房价上涨对人口半城镇化的影响。结果发现:土地供给减少导致房价上涨,进而推升了人口半城镇化率,抑制了农村转移人口市民化。房价每上涨一个百分点,人口半城镇化率大约上升0.189 4个百分点。在未考虑内生性的情况下,房价对人口半城镇化的影响严重被低估。而2003年后土地供给政策收紧且向中西部地区偏移是导致东部房价上涨进而推升人口半城镇化率的重要根源。另外,还发现对外开放程度提高以及人力资本积累均有利于降低人口半城镇化率,相反,财政负担能力和户籍制度改革则产生了不利影响。因此,为了降低人口半城镇化率,有序促进农村转移人口市民化,提出如下三点政策建议:(1)调整土地供给政策,并且健全住房供应体系,防止房价上涨过快。为此,需要增加东部地区以及大城市的土地供给,使土地供给与人口流动方向以及经济发展需求相匹配,同时增加廉租房和保障房的供应。(2)大力发展工业、服务业,并提高对外开放程度,以创造更多就业机会,增加居民收入,进而促进地区人口城镇化。(3)深化户籍制度,切实放宽农村转移人口的落户条件,同时还需要深化财政制度改革,增加地方公共服务并努力促进公共服务均等化。     

基于文本挖掘和复杂网络的事故致因重要度评估方法——以房屋市政较大以上事故为例

为充分挖掘事故调查报告中的有效信息,明确安全管理工作的内容.首先,利用文本挖掘分析事故调查报告,采用最小词频阈值文档频改进信息增益评估函数对分词结果降噪,通过回溯特征项在报告中的具体表述,提取事故致因,再构建同义词词库.然后,引入复杂网络以改进TF-IDF,综合事故致因因素的关联特征评估其重要度.最后,以房屋市政较大及...     

城市居住小区交通噪声的空间分布特征

根据实测所得交通流量和车型分布,采用预测为主、实测为辅的方法对典型居住小区进行了交通噪声预测与评价。对小区交通噪声的空间分布作了详细的分析,发现临街住宅交通噪声超标严重。另外,敏感点在建筑物中的朝向和楼层对交通噪声影响较大。上述空间分布规律对小区交通噪声评价与防治具有指导意义。     

衡阳市住宅产业化现状与对策探讨

随着我国城镇化、工业化进一步快速推进,在发展低碳循环经济,加快建设两型社会背景下,变革传统住宅生产方式显得更加迫切.以衡阳市为例,介绍其住宅产业化现状基础上,指出了住宅产业化过程中存在的问题,并提出相关解决对策.     

复杂箱体类构件表面多功能涂层技术研究及应用

目的 解决某产品箱体等复杂构件耐磨、减摩、抗烧蚀、残渣难清理引起的腐蚀等问题。方法 开展协合涂层工艺研究及应用试验验证,通过扫描电镜观察(SEM)、成分能谱分析(EDS)及厚度、硬度、附着强度(热震法)、中性盐雾试验、球盘式摩擦磨损试验等对涂层进行性能测试。结果 该涂层厚度均匀可控,与基体结合力强,在300~500 ℃共5个热震循环后,结合力未受影响。硬度高,超过800HV1.0,与铬镀层相当。耐磨性及耐腐蚀性好,6 000次摩擦磨损试验后,无明显磨痕,中性盐雾1 200 h为评级为8级。通过涂层制备工艺对高频淬火部位性能影响研究分析,摸清了涂层制备对高频淬火部位的影响规律。通过箱体等复杂零件试生产,解决了涂层“发花”及“气馕袋”等制备问题。结论 经多轮产品试验验证,该涂层完全能满足产品使用要求。