论中国城市灾害科学的现状研究及新构想

城市是一个国家和地区的经济、政治、文化中心,是一个综合了社会、心理、地理、工程、功能、生态等学科在内的复杂系统工程,是人双重属性(自然与社会)的一个载体。面对现状及21世纪我国城市建设的挑战,本文认为不仅应研究优美的景观、平衡的生态、高效的功能及无障碍特性,还必须提高一个现代化城市抗御灾害的综合能力。“国际减灾十年”全球统一行动应同环境治理一样,成为衡量城市现代化的标志。     

饮用水中有机物组成及控制技术

介绍了饮用水中有机物的组成及其去除评价指标,并指出了各类有机污染物对饮用水水质的影响。重点探讨了水中各类有机污染物的去除方法：强化混凝、颗粒活性碳、膜过滤、光催化氧化、臭氧一生物活性炭及生物预处理技术等。最后总结了各种处理方法的优缺点,为选择合适的去除有机污染物工艺提供参考。     

硝氮胁迫对不同沉水植物生理生长的影响

沉水植物是水生生态系统的初级生产者,对调控生态系统能量的循环和传递,维持水生态系统的结构和功能。都有极为重要的作用。为了解硝态氮浓度对不同种类沉水植物生理生长的综合影响,实验采用6种浓度的硝态氮对苦草和黑藻进行胁迫处理,在实验开始后的6、24h测定植株抗氧化物酶（SOD、POD、CAT）的活性;并于实验处理7d后考察植株的叶绿素含量和各项生长指标。结果表明,缺氮条件下苦草和黑藻的SOD、POD反应强烈,40mg／L下苦草和黑藻的SOD、CAT酶活性几乎无变化;从处理时间上看,苦草总体表现为各浓度处理的SOD、CAT随胁迫时间增加活性上升,POD活性下降;黑藻生理活性表现则相反。胁迫处理7d后,苦草5mg／L处理下生物量积累最大,1～20mg／L内黑藻生物量积累没有差异,苦草的叶绿素、鲜重增量生长指标总体远低于黑藻。研究表明,10mg／L是苦草能够耐受的最高硝态氮浓度．黑藻在1～20mg／L内均能较好生长;黑藻较苦草对硝态氮胁迫具有更大的耐受性。     

AHP法在区域矿产资源综合经济评价中的应用

本文运用AHP法对某省20种主要矿产进行了综台经侪评价,确定了该省经济优势矿产、潜在优势矿产和劣势矿产,为制定该省矿产资源开发战略提供了科学依据。     

Methylated and thiolated arsenic species for environmental and health research——A review on synthesis and characterization

Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fate and human health effects of arsenic require authentic arsenic compounds. We summarize here the synthesis and characterization of more than a dozen methylated and thiolated arsenic compounds that are not commercially available. We discuss the methods of synthesis for the following14 trivalent(Ⅲ) and pentavalent() arsenic compounds: monomethylarsonous acid(MMA~Ⅲ), dicysteinylmethyldithioarsenite(MMA~Ⅲ(Cys)_2), monomethylarsonic acid(MMA~Ⅴ),monomethylmonothioarsonic acid(MMMTAⅤ) or monothio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyldithioarsonic acid(MMDTA~Ⅴ) or dithio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyltrithioarsonate(MMTTA~Ⅴ) or trithio-MMA~Ⅴ,dimethylarsinous acid(DMA~Ⅲ), dimethylarsino-glutathione(DMA~Ⅲ(SG)), dimethylarsinic acid(DMA~Ⅴ), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid(DMMTA~Ⅴ) or monothio-DMAⅤ, dimethyldithioarsinic acid(DMDTA~Ⅴ) or dithio-DMA~Ⅴ, trimethylarsine oxide(TMAO~Ⅴ), arsenobetaine(AsB), and an arsenicin-A model compound. We have reviewed and compared the available methods,synthesized the arsenic compounds in our laboratories, and provided characterization information. On the basis of reaction yield, ease of synthesis and purification of product, safety considerations, and our experience, we recommend a method for the synthesis of each of these arsenic compounds.     

化纤废水中二甲基亚砜和丙烯腈的高效液相色谱分析

研究了同时测定化纤废水中二甲基亚砜和丙烯腈含量的高效液相色谱分析方法。采用HPLC-PDA,HypersilBDS C18色谱柱,以甲醇∶水=20∶80为流动相对试样中的二甲基亚砜和丙烯腈进行了测定。该方法适用于化纤废水中两组分的痕量分析,也可用于高浓度废水试样的测定。丙烯腈的最低检出浓度为0.2mg/L;满足了GB 8978污水综合排放标准中一级指标(2.0mg/L)的要求;同时也符合GB 11607渔业水质标准的要求(0.5mg/L)。二甲基亚砜尚未制定限量标准,方法的最低检出浓度为0.48mg/L。     

基于熵权法的连云港市入海河流环境健康评价——以蔷薇河为例

建立包含压力-状态-响应要素的指标体系,采用基于熵权的模糊数学评价方法,运用相对隶属度算法评价在快速城市化胁迫下(2000～2007年)连云港市入海河流(以蔷薇河为例)相对健康程度,该方法避免了主观判断河流环境健康标准的不确定性.评价结果表明2000～2007年,连云港市蔷薇河相对健康整体大致呈下降趋势,最优年为200...     

Infant health impacts of freshwater algal blooms: Evidence from an invasive species natural experiment

Economists are increasingly interested in causally interpretable estimates of environmental health externalities, particularly on infant health. This paper focuses on a specific case by investigating microcystin, a toxin produced by freshwater blue-green algal blooms. We exploit a natural experiment caused by a zebra mussel die-off in a large lake located in the state of Michigan, USA to identify changes in microcystin-related infant outcomes surrounding the lake. Using both the synthetic control method and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that instances of low birth weight around the lake fell by 1.4 percentage points after lake water quality improved. Along the intensive margin, birth weight and length of gestation increased by 17.1 g and 0.47 weeks, respectively. Improvements to low birth weight result in $768,500 in average annual hospitalization cost savings. Many robustness and falsification tests are performed including using both annual and monthly data and accounting for possible weather confounders and seasonality. Results suggest that microcystin can affect infant health at levels below current water advisory guidelines.     

ESTIMATION OF SOIL MOISTURE FROM SEASAT SAR DATA1

ABSTRACT A study was made to determine if Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data could be used to make practical estimates of soil moisture. Extensive ground measurements were collected at two primary sites near Guymon, Oklahoma, and Sublette, Kansas. The relative sensitivity of the SAR to differences in soil moisture, tillage roughness, and vegetation was determined. To validate the effects detected in the SAR data, an airborne scatterometer with a similar wavelength was flown repeatedly over the Guymon site. Soil moisture variations in the surface 2 cm and surface 15 cm of fields with bare soil, milo and alfalfa produce similar responses in the scattering coefficient from both systems. Roughness due to tillage in row crops produced as much as 12–15 dB increase in the scatterometer return. Most agricultural vegetation was effectively penetrated by the L-band frequencies; however, corn produced an exceptionally high radar return either standing or after combine harvesting. When corn had ripened, there was some evidence that tillage roughness could be detected through the canopy. Moderate tillage roughness produced by grain drill furrows caused over 12 dB increase in return when row directions changed from parallel to perpendicular with respect to the SAR look direction. Dramatic increases in return occurred when vegetation surfaces were wet. Increased radar returns from tillage roughness, some vegetation and wet vegetation surfaces, all dyanmic in nature, were significant and may limit the practical estimation of soil moisture from the radar data.     

地震前兆资料减灾信息的综合开发

近一、二十年建立起来的地震前兆观测台网,不仅为地震预测预报提供了大量科学数据,而且蕴藏着丰富的减灾信息,有待我们去开发。综合观测、综合分析和综合预报是防灾减灾的必由之路。