加油站油气处理装置VOCs化学组成及二次污染生成贡献

加油站油气处理装置是控制埋地油罐油气压力并对油气进行回收处理的装置,测试分析油气处理装置进口和出口挥发性有机物(VOCs)化学组成,利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数(FAC)估算VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAP),量化评估其二次污染生成贡献.结果表明：(1)油气处理装置进口和出口ρ(TVOC)分别为436～706 g·m^-3和4.98～10.04 g·m^-3,VOCs排放主要为烷烃(72%±4%)、含氧有机物(14%±2%)和烯烃(11%±5%).不同处理工艺VOCs排放差异较小,关键物种均为异戊烷(约25%),其次为正丁烷、异丁烷和正戊烷.(2)油气处理装置出口排放的VOCs臭氧生成系数(SR值)为2.6～3.3 g·g^-1,OFP为3.5～25.6 g·m^-3,其中烯烃对OFP贡献率(43%～69%)最大,其次为烷烃(20%～35%)和含氧有机物(10%～22%),OFP主要贡献物种为丁烯、顺-2-丁烯、反-2-丁烯、异戊烷和丙醛.(3)油气处理装...     

Environmental monitoring and fuzzy synthetic evaluation of municipal solid waste transfer stations in Beijing in 2001 - 2006

Transfer station(TS)is an integral part of present-day municipal solid waste(MSW)management systems.To provide information for the incorporation of waste facilities within the current integrated waste management system,the authors measured the existing environmental quality at five MSW TSs.Discharged wastewater,air,and noise were monitored and assayed at the five TSs in Beijing in 2001-2006 during rainy seasons(RSs)and dry seasons(DSs).Except Ammonia(NH_3)and hydrogen sulfide(H_2S),the analytical results...     

Needs of communications with general public about the potential risk of electromagnetic fields and methods for achieving this goal

In the recent years concerns whether exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from base station antennae can cause adverse health effects are grown. Great attention is paid on risk of EMF exposure to people living in a close proximity of base stations. In this issue, a point of interest is the personnel mounting, adjusting and maintaining base stations. Their working tasks require stay in high EMF levels’ conditions. There are only few studies concerning this specific occupational group. The results from our previous investigation (Zaryabova and Israel 2006) show that in␣many cases on performing some specific tasks operators are overexposed according to our national legislation, and ICNIRP guidelines. Here, we present an extended study covering more base stations and more precise scenario for performed tasks and working positions. Results of exposure assessment are presented. They include energetic load calculations on the basis of Bulgarian national legislation, and the corresponding SAR values. Data are used to determine permissible time duration for each particular work operation and served as a base for limiting the exposure and proposal for protective measures for the personnel.     

北京城区和郊区本底站大气污染物浓度的多时间尺度变化特征

利用北京城区海淀宝联站(HD)和上甸子本底站(SDZ)2005—2012连续8年的大气污染物(PM_(2.5)、O3、NO2、SO_2和CO)浓度观测数据进行统计分析,揭示北京城区和郊区主要污染物浓度变化特征、超标情况及其差异.主要结论如下:1连续8年北京城区、郊区PM_(2.5)浓度整体呈缓慢下降趋势,但污染水平仍较高.海淀宝联站和上甸子本底站的PM_(2.5)年均浓度从奥运前3年(2005—2007)的平均值87.1μg·m-3和53.4μg·m-3分别下降到奥运后5年(2008—2012)的平均值67.7μg·m-3和42.1μg·m-3.奥运后5年两站PM_(2.5)年均浓度变化不大,其中城区维持在66~70μg·m-3的高浓度水平.城区PM_(2.5)浓度为3级以上的超标日在四季的发生频率相当,4级和5级以上的超标日则多发生在秋、冬季;各季平均日变化趋势均为双峰双谷型,上下班交通高峰期对PM_(2.5)浓度日变化有重要影响.2城区站O3年均浓度前5年(2006—2010)逐年下降,之后浓度开始回升,而本底站O3年均浓度在此期间变化不大,近6年(2007—2012)维持在72.4~76.3μg·m-3.城、郊O3平均日变化均呈单峰型,其中上甸子站峰值出现时刻晚于城区海淀宝联站.32005—2012年北京城区其它气态污染物浓度(NO2、SO_2和CO)总体均呈缓慢下降趋势,但在2012年浓度有所反弹,城区站气态污染物在秋、冬季的平均浓度均显著高于春、夏季.     

The emissions of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from modern coal-fired power stations

Extensive research for establishing the emissions of heavy metals from coal-fired power stations is performed in the Netherlands for the past 25 years. In the Netherlands coal is fired from all over the world. This means that the emissions are established for coal of various origins. In the eighties, the emissions of installations equipped with ESPs (electrostatic precipitators) were measured. In the nineties, the influence of wet FGD (flue gas desulphurisation) on the emissions was studied. The effect of co-combustion of biomass and other secondary fuels is the main item for the last 10 years.Fifty-five elements were measured in the solid state and eight elements in the gaseous phase. It appeared that at low particulate concentration the influence of calcium containing evaporated water droplets downstream the wet FGD on the emissions of heavy metals is bigger than the composition of the coal. Also it appeared that at modern coal-fired power stations the emissions are hardly influenced by co-combustion of biomass. All the results are used for modelling, resulting in the KEMA TRACE MODEL^®, by which the emissions can be predicted. The established emission factors are for most elements in good agreement with literature values for comparable modern installations.Persistence organic pollutants (POPs) that were detected in the flue gases of coal-fired power stations are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and dioxins/furans. Measurements during full coal-firing and during co-firing of biomass have indicated that these emissions are negligible.     

油气集输站库的静电火源控制

根据石油企业油气集输站库的特点，分析了静电引起火灾及爆炸的条件，论述了控制静电电源的方法。     

典型地下水浅埋区加油站渗漏污染潜势分析及高潜势验证

地下水浅埋区的加油站油品渗漏可直接对土壤和地下水造成污染. 基于层次分析法对上海市黄浦江上游地区、崇明岛以及长兴岛内的119家加油站进行渗漏污染潜势分析,计算各加油站的LPV(leaking potential value,污染潜势值),并用四分法将119个加油站按LPV分为4个评价等级,有9个加油站LPV很高,3.60≤LPV＜4.07;49个加油站LPV较高,3.18≤LPV＜3.60;47个加油站LPV一般,2.73≤LPV＜3.18;14个加油站LPV较低,2.28≤LPV＜2.73. 针对2个LPV较高的已歇业加油站开展现场打井监测与取样分析.结果表明,这2个加油站的潜水层均出现油品渗漏污染,其中加油岛、管线区以及储油罐区是加油站渗漏污染重灾区,土壤中污染物以苯系物、萘以及总石油烃为主,总石油烃检出率达到71.4%~88.9%;地下水中污染物以总石油烃和MTBE(methyl tert-butyl ether,甲基叔丁基醚)为主,总石油烃检出率达到80.0%~100.0%,MTBE检出率达到33.3%~71.4%,对地下水源污染风险较大.      

安阳市区域大气环境监测优化布点的研究

从该区域环境实际出发,提出了大气污染监测优化布点的模型。以网格布点监测,对历年环境数据进行分析及大气预测,运用抽样理论的变异系数法确定优化布点数,并采用相关分析法确定优化点位。其结果反映了该平原地区中等城市区域环境的特征。     

南四湖水质空间分布监测分析与水环境问题解析

南四湖作为南水北调东线工程重要的输水通道和调蓄湖泊,其水质状况一直受到人们的广泛关注。根据南四湖水质空间分布监测数据,按平均综合污染指数Pj>2的标准共筛选出29个重污染测点,其中有19个处于重污染河口外混合区,说明南四湖污染物主要来自于重污染河流;南四湖2006年秋和2007年春监测的总体平均综合污染指数分别为2.12和1.98,表明南四湖污染依然相当严重,而且秋季比春季水质更差,按湖区南阳湖、微山湖岛北、小北湖的水质最差,特别是南阳湖水质四项主要指标平均超标2倍以上。南四湖两次监测CODcr、TP、TN的单项污染分摊率平均值依次为30.6%、36.0%、33.4%,表明南四湖的主要污染物是TP、TN、CODcr。因此,在调整区域内重污染企业工业结构的同时,应实行管辖区内工业和城市生活等污水的深度处理和截蓄导用,严格执行水污染物排放标准和总量控制指标。     

黄河小浪底水库南山水质自动监测站站址方案探讨

在小浪底水库中新建黄河南山水质自动监测站,是为了实现黄河小浪底水库水质实时监测,及时掌握国家考核断面水质状况;同时,为了完成生态环境部加快推进国家地表水环境质量监测网水质自动监测站(以下简称水站)建设,建立健全以自动监测为主、手工监测为辅的地表水环境质量监测体系。本文主要研究南山水站站址的选择方案,得出恰当合理的方案,既满足水站安全运行的要求和水库调水调沙期间,确保采集到具备代表性。