基于景观生态法的彭州市湔江河谷乡村旅游规划研究

通过分析现阶段彭州市湔江河谷地区开展乡村旅游的综合条件和存在的问题,应用景观生态规划的理论和方法提出湔江河谷地区旅游发展的总体方向,进行生态景观要素布局,设计了三种景观斑块类型和二种景观廊道类型,构建了湔江河谷地区“一核、两轴、三叶、四区”结构,并在此基础上规划了旅游项目和景观,以期为湔江河谷地区乡村旅游开发提供依据。     

1998年长江流域暴雨洪水环流背景分析

１９９８年主汛期,由于西太平洋副热带持续偏南、偏强,中高纬度维持稳定的阻塞形势,６、７月雨带长期在鄱阳湖、没庭湖地区徘徊,造成长江中下游地区严重洪涝;８月随着副高北抬,长江上游出现多次强降水过程,长江干流受中下游洪水顶主上游洪峰下泻的影响,水位居高不下,多数水文站出现了超记录的历史最高水位。１９９８年的已成为一次少有的新的长江大洪水的典型。     

长江上游水土流失主要成因与防治对策

长江上游水土流失面积广 ,侵蚀强度大 ,是其生态环境退化的重要标志。水土流失加剧是人类不合理活动 ,主要有陡坡种植、森林砍伐、草场退化、工程破坏等所使然。当前严重的水土流失状况是自然因素与人为因素综合作用的结果。防治长江上游水土流失关键是通过改变人类不合理的生产方式和开发方式 ,引导人类活动向与自然协调、与水土保持相一致的方向发展 ,并对退化生态系统进行恢复与重建。     

岷江上游干旱河谷地区生态环境需水量探讨

探讨了生态环境需水量的概念,将人类需水量纳入了生态环境需水量,进而初步探讨了岷江上游干旱河谷地区的生态环境需水量。分别估算了岷江上游干旱河谷地区河道内生态环境需水量、植被需水量及人类(生活和生产)需水量,得出当地生态环境需水总量为34.81×108m3,并提出在岷江上游干旱河谷地区应根据现在和将来有效供水量和生态环境年需水量综合考虑,确定适当的经济社会发展结构和规模,以维系和提高生态环境质量。     

伊犁河谷核心区春季PM2.5组分特征及来源解析

为研究伊犁河谷核心区春季大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)中无机元素、水溶性离子和碳组分特征和来源,于2021年4月20～29日在伊犁河谷核心区布设6个环境采样点,对PM_2.5中水溶性离子、无机元素和碳组分等51种化学组分进行分析,并使用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对其来源进行解析.结果表明,采样期间ρ(PM_2.5)变化范围介于9～35μg·m^-3.Si、 Ca、 Al、 Na、 Mg、 Fe和K等地壳元素占比较高,占PM_2.5的12%,表明春季PM_2.5受到明显的扬尘源的影响.富集因子结果表明,Zn、 Ni、 Cr、 Pb、 Cu和As元素主要来源于化石燃料燃烧和机动车排放.元素组分的空间分布特征受采样点周边环境的影响,新政府片区受燃煤源的影响较大,故As浓度较高,伊宁市局和第二水厂受机动车影响较大,Sb和Sn浓度较高.PM_2.5中9种水溶性离子(WSIIs)的浓度占PM_2.5的33.2%,其中ρ(SO^2-     

澜沧江流域云南段道路网络对生态承载力的影响研究

澜沧江流域道路工程的建设影响着区域土地利用格局和生态系统的空间分布,并进一步影响着区域的生态承载力,辨析道路对生态承载力的影响对区域生态管理具有重要意义.以谰沧江流域各县(市)为研究对象,利用生态足迹法研究了澜沧江流域生态承载力的时空及动态变化;以县域、市域为尺度.提取流域道路网络的结构特点,并进一步利用回归分析研究了道路的网络结构与生态承载力的关系.结果表明,谰沧江流域生态承载力存在着空间分布的不均衡,并呈现逐年降低的趋势;流域道路阿络中不同等级道路的组合结构变化明显,道路密度空间差异显著;县域尺度的回归分析表明,生态承载力与不同等级道路长度符合Gaussian模型、Reciprocal模型.与道路密度均能用ExponentiM Fit模型表示,生态承载力随道路密度的增加而减小;市域尺度上,生态承载力与道路密度的关系与县域尺度相一致.     

汉江流域开发史上的环境问题

汉江流域全面开发的契机是明清时流域外移民的大规模移入以及由此而引起的人口的大幅度增殖。流域经济的全面开发导致了对流域生态环境的破坏，主要表现在两方面：（）上中游山区因滥垦殖，导致森林破坏，水土流失逐渐加重，生态环境最终全面恶化；（２）下游江汉平原垸田围垦恶性膨胀，湮塞河湖，导致水系紊乱，洪涝灾害频繁。     

Nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon: Characteristics and sources in the highly polluted mountain valley

This study reports for the first time a comprehensive analysis of nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in simultaneously collected PM_2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon (March–May 2018) from a highly polluted urban Kathmandu Valley (KV) of the Himalayan foothills. The mean mass concentration of PM_2.5 (129.8 µg/m³) was only ~25% of TSP mass (558.7 µg/ m³) indicating the dominance of coarser mode aerosols. However, the mean concentration as well as fractional contributions of water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) and carbonaceous species reveal their predominance in find-mode aerosols. The mean mass concentration of WSTN was 17.43±4.70 µg/m³ (14%) in PM_2.5 and 24.64±8.07 µg/m³ (5%) in TSP. Moreover, the fractional contribution of total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) is much higher in PM_2.5 (~34%) than that in TSP (~20%). The relatively low OC/EC ratio in PM_2.5 (3.03 ± 1.47) and TSP (4.64 ± 1.73) suggests fossil fuel combustion as the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols with contributions from secondary organic aerosols. Five-day air mass back trajectories simulated with the HYSPLIT model, together with MODIS fire counts indicate the influence of local emissions as well as transported pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain region to the south of the Himalayan foothills. Principal component analysis (PCA) also suggests a mixed contribution from other local anthropogenic, biomass burning, and crustal sources. Our results highlight that it is necessary to control local emissions as well as regional transport while designing mitigation measures to reduce the KV's air pollution.     

Agricultural pesticide residues of farm runoff in the Okanagan Valley,British Columbia,Canada

The objectives of this study were to determine environmental occurrence and concentrations of selected currently-used-pesticides and some transformation products in agricultural farms in the Okanagan Valley (OKV), and to conduct a simple risk assessment of environmental pesticides levels detected in OKV on non-target aquatic organisms. The OKV is the tree fruit country of the Province of British Columbia where considerable amount of pesticides are applied annually. Water, sediment and soil samples were collected at eleven sites in early June and late September following rainfall events and/or extended periods of irrigation from drainage ditches and/or from small streams. Undisturbed reference sites were also sampled. Study results showed that forty of the eighty chemicals analyzed, including organochlorine, nitrogen-containing and organophosphate pesticides commonly used for OKV crops, were detected in runoff and small stream water samples. Among which, endosulfan-sulfate was the most frequently detected chemical. Also, azinophos-methyl (0.699–25.5 ng/L), diazinon (0.088–214 ng/L) exceeded, and α-, β- endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate approached the guidelines for the protection of aquatic life.     

Agricultural Pesticide Residues in Farm Ditches of the Lower Fraser Valley,British Columbia,Canada

Transient and permanent farm ditches flowing to the Lower Fraser River tributary fish streams of British Columbia, Canada, were sampled at several locations in 2003–2004 to determine the occurrence and concentration of residues of selected pesticides, their transformation products, and soluble/extractable Cu⁺⁺ ions. Of the 43 compounds analyzed, 28 and 22 pesticides were detected in transient farm ditch water and sediments, respectively. About 34% fewer pesticides, however, were found in both matrices of permanent farm ditches. Average concentrations (μ g L^?1) of those most frequently detected in permanent farm ditch water were atrazine (0.20), α -chlordane (0.06), desethylatrazine (0.13), diazinon (0.55), dieldrin (0.28), endosulfan sulfate (0.16), glyphosate (6), metalaxyl (0.27); and soluble Cu⁺⁺ ions (25). Those most often found in ditch sediments (μ g kg^?1) were aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) (2,300), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) (250), endosulfan sulfate (500), glyphosate (1,225); and extractable Cu⁺⁺ ions (58,000). The risk potential of these pesticide residues to non-target aquatic organisms inhabiting Fraser River tributary fish streams contiguous to permanent farm ditches is evaluated and discussed.