On Index System and Quantitative Assessment of Eco-cities： A Case Study on Urban Agglomeration of the Yangtze Delta

Urban agglomeration of the Yangtze Delta （UAYD）, one of the most developed regions of China, has witnessed an increasing prevalence in building ecological cities when the ecological cities are pursued by many modem cities, and great achievements have been made in this regard. It is inevitable, however, that certain problems exist during the construction of ecological city, which include but not limited to non-harmonious development of urban complex ecosystem, and the difficulty in quantifying eco-city construction or incomplete quantification in assessing the construction of present and future eco-city. Based on the analysis on social-economic conditions and regional conditions of the UAYD, this paper attempts to set up an index system of eco-cities combining with local characteristics, and to adopt the indices of eco-city, urban harmony, and eco-city colligate to evaluate the ecological level, urban harmonious development and eco-city construction of cities within the UAYD. Results indicate that among 15 cities in UAYD, Suzhou City ranks the highest in terms of eco-city construction, whereas Nantong ranks relatively lower; sustainable eco-city construction is possible only when cities are developed in every respect of harmony.     

南京和北京气溶胶光学厚度与PM2.5质量浓度关系对比分析

利用南京与北京地区2014年5月1日—2019年10月31日的PM_2.5监测数据、气溶胶光学厚度观测资料以及同期MICAPS地面气象要素的观测资料,对两地PM_2.5浓度的变化规律及其与气溶胶光学厚度、气象要素的关系进行了分析和讨论,结果表明：南京与北京均呈现PM_2.5浓度冬季显著高于夏季,AOD冬季小于夏季的特征;对比而言,北京PM_2.5月均浓度高于南京地区;南京与北京的PM_2.5浓度与AOD均为正相关关系,PM_2.5浓度与AOD间相关性存在显著的季节差异,主要表现为夏季相关性大于冬季相关性;两地AOD与PM_2.5浓度均为正相关关系,在同一AOD水平下,相对湿度越大,PM_2.5浓度越大,气溶胶吸湿增长易造成污染物积累;南京PM_2.5浓度与能见度的r为0.57,而北京的r为0.83,两地的PM_2.5浓度与能见度的冬季相关性较夏季好,在高相对湿度下,同一PM_2.5浓度水平时,南京能见度较北京好.     

Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis using an observation-based model in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta Region of China

Ground-level ozone (O₃) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in Yangtze River Delta region of China. In this study, we present O₃ pollution characteristics based on one-year online measurements during 2016 at an urban site in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Then, the sensitivity of O₃ to its precursors during 2 O₃ pollution episodes in August was analyzed using a box model based on observation (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of hydrocarbons was larger than other precursors, suggesting that hydrocarbons played the dominant role in O₃ formation. The RIR values for NO_X ranged from –0.41%/% to 0.19%/%. The O₃ sensitivity was also analyzed based on relationship of simulated O₃ production rates with reductions of VOC and NO_X derived from scenario analyses. Simulation results illustrate that O₃ formation was between VOCs-limited and transition regime. Xylenes and light alkenes were found to be key species in O₃ formation according to RIR values, and their sources were determined using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Paints and solvent use was the largest contributor to xylenes (54%), while petrochemical industry was the most important source to propene (82%). Discussions on VOCs and NO_X reduction schemes suggest that the 5% O₃ control goal can be achieved by reducing VOCs by 20%. To obtain 10% O₃ control goal, VOCs need to be reduced by 30% with VOCs/NO_X larger than 3:1.     

黄河三角洲典型地区耕地土壤养分空间预测

掌握土壤养分的分布特点是实现养分优化管理的重要基础。论文选择黄河三角洲典型地区山东省垦利县为研究区,通过田间采样与实验室化验分析获取了1 278个样本（0~20 cm）的土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾数据。在经典统计分析的基础上,用地统计学方法分析了土壤养分的空间变异特征,并拟合了养分的变异函数模型。利用普通克里格法（OK）、反距离权重法（IDW）、泛克里格法（UK）、径向基函数法（RBF）和局部多项式法（LP）5种方法进行空间插值,并采用独立数据集验证对插值结果进行精度评价,进而分析了各养分空间分布规律。为深入探索各方法的适用性规律,基于AN数据设计了离散、随机、聚集3种空间分布模式的数据,利用各模型的自动优化进行试验,对比分析了不同插值方法在土壤养分空间预测中的自适应性。结果表明：1）研究区碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾均为中等强度的空间变异和中等程度的空间自相关,其变异函数模型分别为球状模型、指数模型和球状模型,决定系数依次为0.951、0.892和0.787;2）在空间分布上,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量与地形和土地利用类型等有关,西南部地势较高,以水浇地和旱田为主,东北部沿黄农田受黄河淡水影响,耕地质量较好,而中部地区地势低平,以水田为主,养分含量偏低;3）相对于块金系数/基台值,Moran’s I是更为稳健有效的衡量土壤养分空间自相关性的方法;4）论文认为,空间分布模式、样本量、空间自相关性和空间聚集程度（最近邻比）均影响插值精度。在离散模式下,各方法自适应性均较差;在随机模式下,IDW与RBF自适应性优于OK和LP;在聚集模式下,各方法自适应性与样本量和空间自相关性有关,直至样本足够多时,4种插值方法精度接近。论文探明了研究区主要土壤养分的最佳插值预测方法,分析了土壤养分的变异特征和空间分布规律,为黄河三角洲典型地区耕地土壤养分利用管理和农业可持续发展提供了理论依据。     

区域生态系统适应性管理概念、理论框架及其应用研究

论述了生态系统适应性管理基本概念与生态系统适应循环,着重分析了生态系统恢复力范围、抗性、不稳定性与跨尺度影响。生态系统适应循环通常经历入侵、保持、破坏、调整四个阶段,前两个阶段的生态系统演替是可以预测的,而后两个阶段是复杂、难以预测的。文章提出了适应性区域生态系统管理的基本概念,并构建了其理论框架,并以三峡库区小江流域为例,对小江流域景观生态特征、区域生态胁迫进行了详细分析。在此基础上,提出要以水生生态安全为总目标,并围绕这一目标,进行流域各生态系统的恢复力辨识、生态系统适应性循环过程研究,从各系统恢复力属性特征出发,提出了具体的适应性管理方法与模式。     

悬浮物对三峡水库水质测定结果的影响

以长江寸滩断面和嘉陵江大溪沟断面水样为测定样品,探讨了悬浮物对三峡水库水质测定结果的影响,提出在三峡水库水质监测中,应对经0.45μm滤膜过滤的滤液进行指标测定,同时测定悬浮物含量,并对悬浮物进行组分分析;建议在地表水环境质量标准中,纳入悬浮物项目。     

哈密地区环境中^220Rn子体α潜能浓度所致居民剂量估算

用ＳｔｒａｎｄｅｎＥ．推荐的测量方法对哈密地区环境空气中２２０Ｒｎ子体α潜能浓度测量结果表明，室内、外平均值分别为５６．１和１０．２（×１０－７Ｊ·ｍ－３）。室内外２２０Ｒｎ／２２２Ｒｎ子体α潜能浓度比值分别为０．８４和０３２。２２０Ｒｎ子体所致居民有效剂量当量为２２８μＳｖ·ａ－１（集体有效剂量当量为０．９×０２ｍａｎ·Ｓｖ）。     

第三产业风机、冷却塔噪声污染防治浅谈

随着社会的发展，尤其是第三产业的不断兴起，其噪声污染问题日益突出。本文从对噪声扰民案件入手、分析，发现风机和冷却塔噪声污染最为严重。针对主要污染源，从技术方面提出了解决噪声污染的方法，为环境管理，治理提供科学依据。     

圆杯—多边形杆复合挤压的上限研究

此文采用三次多项式表示的流线速度场和基元圆环技术相结合的混合流动模型对国杯—多边形截面杆型复合挤压进行了上限分析,得到挤压力的上限解,分析了杆部截面形状对复合挤压分流点位置及变形力的影响规律并对理论计算进行了实验验证.     

英国的地方可持续发展战略

对英国可持续发展进程，国家及地方的可持续发展指标体系，以及地方21世纪议程编制的内容及特点进行了分析。