闸控感潮河网水环境容量计算研究

受潮汐影响的闸控河网的水环境容量计算是水环境控制的重要内容。针对闸控感潮河网的水流特点,介绍了基于动态水质模型的水环境容量的数值计算方法。其方法综合考虑了感潮河网地区水流运动复杂、易受水利工程设施运行影响的特点,并成功地应用到动态水环境容量计算。     

黄河口典型潮沟土壤碳氮分布特征规律

为探究黄河三角洲盐沼土壤碳氮含量在潮沟水系中的时空分布特征,选取黄河口一条典型的潮沟系统,采集一、二、三级潮沟表层土壤,探寻土壤有机碳、总氮与土壤容重、盐度、pH等理化因子的相关关系。结果表明：土壤有机碳和总氮在时空尺度上表现出极大的异质性特征。时间尺度上,土壤有机碳和总氮出现先上升后下降的趋势。空间尺度上,一级潮沟土壤有机碳和总氮平均值（2.9 g·kg^-1、0.36 g·kg^-1）大于二级（1.4 g·kg^-1、0.18 g·kg^-1）、三级（1.6 g·kg^-1、0.21 g·kg^-1）潮沟。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳和总氮与盐度呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与容重呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。盐沼湿地土壤碳氮含量受土壤水盐条件的影响,而潮沟水系的树状结构对水盐条件的影响是导致土壤碳氮含量时空差异分布的重要因素。     

闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地及其围垦的养虾塘CH4排放通量的比较

以闽江河口鳝鱼滩的短叶茳芏湿地及由其围垦而成的养虾塘为研究对象,2016年5月—2017年3月,分别采用静态箱-气相色谱法和悬浮箱/静态箱-气相色谱法对短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘白天CH_4排放通量进行观测,并同步测定短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘水体/沉积物理化指标.观测期间短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘均表现为大气中CH_4的排放源,释放量变化范围分别为1.09~38.38 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.01~65.38 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均值分别为(11.67±1.99)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和(18.69±4.84)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),重复测量方差分析统计结果表明:虽然在整个观测时间尺度上,养虾塘CH_4排放通量与短叶茳芏湿地无显著性差异(p0.05),但是在养殖期养虾塘CH_4排放通量显著高于同期短叶茳芏湿地(p0.05),增加了68.0%.短叶茳芏湿地CH_4排放通量与沉积物温度、间隙水总磷含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01),养虾塘水-气界面CH_4排放通量与养殖水水深呈显著负相关关系(p0.01).亚热带河口感潮沼泽湿地围垦成为陆基养虾塘后增加了CH_4排放通量.     

Role of Crab Herbivory in Die-Off of New England Salt Marshes

Abstract:  Die-offs of cordgrass are pervasive throughout western Atlantic salt marshes, yet understanding of the mechanisms precipitating these events is limited. We tested whether herbivory by the native crab , Sesarma reticulatum , is generating die-offs of cordgrass that are currently occurring on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), by manipulating crab access to cordgrass transplanted into die-off areas and healthy vegetation. We surveyed 12 Cape Cod marshes to investigate whether the extent of cordgrass die-off on creek banks, where die-offs are concentrated, was related to local Sesarma grazing intensity and crab density. We then used archived aerial images to examine whether creek bank die-off areas have expanded over the past 2 decades and tested the hypothesis that release from predation, leading to elevated Sesarma densities, is triggering cordgrass die-offs by tethering crabs where die-offs are pervasive and where die-offs have not yet been reported. Intensity of crab grazing on transplanted cordgrass was an order of magnitude higher in die-off areas than in adjacent vegetation. Surveys revealed that Sesarma herbivory has denuded nearly half the creek banks in Cape Cod marshes, and differences in crab-grazing intensity among marshes explained >80% of variation in the extent of the die-offs. Moreover, the rate of die-off expansion and area of marsh affected have more than doubled since 2000. Crab-tethering experiments suggest that release from predation has triggered elevated crab densities that are driving these die-offs, indicating that disruption of predator–prey interactions may be generating the collapse of marsh ecosystems previously thought to be exclusively under bottom-up control .     

Predictors of specialist avifaunal decline in coastal marshes

Coastal marshes are one of the world's most productive ecosystems. Consequently, they have been heavily used by humans for centuries, resulting in ecosystem loss. Direct human modifications such as road crossings and ditches and climatic stressors such as sea‐level rise and extreme storm events have the potential to further degrade the quantity and quality of marsh along coastlines. We used an 18‐year marsh‐bird database to generate population trends for 5 avian species (Rallus crepitans, Tringa semipalmata semipalmata, Ammodramus nelsonii subvirgatus, Ammodramus caudacutus, and Ammodramus maritimus) that breed almost exclusively in tidal marshes, and are potentially vulnerable to marsh degradation and loss as a result of anthropogenic change. We generated community and species trends across 3 spatial scales and explored possible drivers of the changes we observed, including marsh ditching, tidal restriction through road crossings, local rates of sea‐level rise, and potential for extreme flooding events. The specialist community showed negative trends in tidally restricted marshes (?2.4% annually from 1998 to 2012) but was stable in unrestricted marshes across the same period. At the species level, we found negative population trends in 3 of the 5 specialist species, ranging from ?4.2% to 9.0% annually. We suggest that tidal restriction may accelerate degradation of tidal marsh resilience to sea‐level rise by limiting sediment supply necessary for marsh accretion, resulting in specialist habitat loss in tidally restricted marshes. Based on our findings, we predict a collapse of the global population of Saltmarsh Sparrows (A. caudacutus) within the next 50 years and suggest that immediate conservation action is needed to prevent extinction of this species. We also suggest mitigation actions to restore sediment supply to coastal marshes to help sustain this ecosystem into the future.     

闽江河口短叶茳芏沼泽湿地沉积物磷的赋存形态和空间分布

对闽江河口区不同盐度短叶茳芏沼泽湿地沉积物中磷的赋存形态和分布特征进行了研究,探讨了河口沉积物中磷的来源及其影响因子.结果表明:1闽江河口湿地沉积物全磷(TP)含量介于607.91~807.60 mg·kg-1,平均值为726.29 mg·kg-1;有机磷(OP)含量介于120.44~166.63 mg·kg-1,平均值为139.43 mg·kg-1,约占TP的18.93%;无机磷(IP)含量介于479.65~647.56 mg·kg-1,平均值为586.86 mg·kg-1,约占TP的81.07%,IP是磷的主要赋存形态.2IP中,赋存形态以闭蓄态磷(O-P)和铁结合态磷(Fe-P)为主,分别占IP的39.97%和32.92%;其次是钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和铝结合态磷(Al-P),分别占IP的17.89%、9.22%.3在空间分布上,TP、OP、IP含量在由海向陆方向整体呈先降低后递增趋势;IP不同赋存形态在空间上也整体上呈现出以上趋势;垂直方向上,总体都表现为随土层深度波动降低,这在一定程度上反映了近年来河口湿地环境污染的加剧.4磷的赋存形态和空间分布特征是电导率、pH、容重、含水率和粒度等多因子综合作用的结果.     

Just Add Water and the Colorado River Still Reaches the Sea

A recent article in Environmental Management by All argued that flood flows in North America’s Colorado River do not reach the Gulf of California because they are captured and evaporated in Laguna Salada, a below sea-level lakebed near the mouth of the river. We refute this hypothesis by showing that (1) due to its limited area, the Laguna Salada could have evaporated less than 10% of the flood flows that have occurred since 1989; (2) low flow volumes preferentially flow to the Gulf rather than Laguna Salada; (3) All’s method for detecting water surface area in the Laguna Salada appears to be flawed because Landsat Thematic Mapper images of the lakebed show it to be dry when All’s analyses said it was flooded; (4) direct measurements of salinity at the mouth of the river and in the Upper Gulf of California during flood flows in 1993 and 1998 confirm that flood waters reach the sea; and (5) stable oxygen isotope signatures in clam shells and fish otoliths recorded the dilution of seawater with fresh water during the 1993 and 1998 flows. Furthermore, All’s conclusion that freshwater flows do not benefit the ecology of the marine zone is incorrect because the peer-reviewed literature shows that postlarval larval shrimp populations increase during floods, and the subsequent year’s shrimp harvest increases. Furthermore, freshwater flows increase the nursery area for Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus), an important commercial fish that requires estuarine habitats with salinities in the range of 26–38‰ during its natal stages. Although flood flows are now much diminished compared to the pre-dam era, they are still important to the remnant wetland and riparian habitats of the Colorado River delta and to organisms in the intertidal and marine zone. Only a small fraction of the flood flows are evaporated in Laguna Salada.     

Ecological Feasibility Studies in Restoration Decision Making

The restoration of degraded systems is essential for maintaining the provision of valuable ecosystem services, including the maintenance of aesthetic values. However, restoration projects often fail to reach desired goals for a variety of ecologic, financial, and social reasons. Feasibility studies that evaluate whether a restoration effort should even be attempted can enhance restoration success by highlighting potential pitfalls and gaps in knowledge before the design phase of a restoration. Feasibility studies also can bring stakeholders together before a restoration project is designed to discuss potential disagreements. For these reasons, a feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of restoring a tidal freshwater marsh in the Potomac River near Alexandria, Virginia. The study focused on science rather than engineering questions, and thus differed in approach from other feasibility studies that are mostly engineering driven. The authors report the framework they used to conduct a feasibility study to inform other potential restoration projects with similar goals. The seven steps of the framework encompass (1) initiation of a feasibility study, (2) compilation of existing data, (3) collection of current site information, (4) examination of case studies, (5) synthesis of information in a handbook, (6) meeting with selected stakeholders, and (7) evaluation of meeting outcomes. By conducting a feasibility study using the seven-step framework, the authors set the stage for conducting future compliance studies and enhancing the chance of a successful restoration.     

Determining Ecological Equivalence in Service-to-Service Scaling of Salt Marsh Restoration

The amount of ecological restoration required to mitigate or compensate for environmental injury or habitat loss is often based on the goal of achieving ecological equivalence. However, few tools are available for estimating the extent of restoration required to achieve habitat services equivalent to those that were lost. This paper describes habitat equivalency analysis (HEA), a habitat-based “service-to-service” approach for determining the amount of restoration needed to compensate for natural resource losses, and examines issues in its application in the case of salt marsh restoration. The scientific literature indicates that although structural attributes such as vegetation may recover within a few years, there is often a significant lag in the development of ecological processes such as nutrient cycling that are necessary for a fully functioning salt marsh. Moreover, natural variation can make recovery trajectories difficult to define and predict for many habitat services. HEA is an excellent tool for scaling restoration actions because it reflects this ecological variability and complexity. At the same time, practitioners must recognize that conclusions about the amount of restoration needed to provide ecological services equivalent to those that are lost will depend critically on the ecological data and assumptions that are used in the HEA calculation.     

Monitoring nekton as a bioindicator in shallow estuarine habitats

Long-term monitoring of estuarine nekton has many practical and ecological benefits but efforts are hampered by a lack of standardized sampling procedures. This study provides a rationale for monitoring nekton in shallow (<#60; 1 m), temperate, estuarine habitats and addresses some important issues that arise when developing monitoring protocols. Sampling in seagrass and salt marsh habitats is emphasized due to the susceptibility of each habitat to anthropogenic stress and to the abundant and rich nekton assemblages that each habitat supports. Extensive sampling with quantitative enclosure traps that estimate nekton density is suggested. These gears have a high capture efficiency in most habitats and are small enough (e.g., 1 m²) to permit sampling in specific microhabitats. Other aspects of nekton monitoring are discussed, including spatial and temporal sampling considerations, station selection, sample size estimation, and data collection and analysis. Developing and initiating long-term nekton monitoring programs will help evaluate natural and human-induced changes in estuarine nekton over time and advance our understanding of the interactions between nekton and the dynamic estuarine environment.