新疆水土流失及防治对策

新疆生态环境脆弱，水土流失严重，治理任务艰巨，近年来，随着新疆大开发建设，水土流失有加剧的态势，为保护人们居住的生存环境，治理水土流失已显得刻不容缓，为防治我区水土流失，首先应根据新疆水土流失的特点和目前水土保持工作中存在的主要问题，研究和提出水土流失防治的对策。     

焦化汽油储罐腐蚀模拟实验研究

通过企业现场调研，对焦化汽油储罐腐蚀进行了实验模拟研究，对实验数据结果进行了分析。在实验研究的基础上，结合若干由于腐蚀引起的事故案例和事故机理的分析，对焦化汽油储罐自燃事故的主要原因及发生条件进行了剖析，总结并提出了相应的预防控制措施。实验结果可作焦化汽油储罐安全设计和焦化汽油工艺改进的重要参考。     

LAND USE AND AQUATIC BIOINTEGRITY IN THE BLACKFOOT RWER WATERSHED,MONTANA1

ABSTRACT: Benthic macroinvertebrate samples representing 151 taxa were collected in August 1995 to examine the linkage between land use, water quality, and aquatic biointegrity in seven tributaries of the Blackfoot River watershed, Montana. The tributaries represent silvicultural (timber harvesting), agricultural (irrigated alfalfa and hay and livestock grazing), and wilderness land uses. A 2.4 km (1.5 mile) reach of a recently restored tributary also was sampled for comparison with the other six sites. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to characterize the seven subwatersheds and estimate soil erosion, using the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation, and sediment delivery. The wilderness stream had the highest aquatic biointegrity. Two agricultural streams had the largest estimated soil erosion and sediment delivery rates, the greatest habitat impairment from nonpoint source pollution, and the most impoverished macroinvertebrate communities. The silvicultural subwatersheds had greater rates of estimated soil erosion and sediment delivery and lower aquatic biointegrity than the wilderness reference site but evinced better conditions than the agricultural sites. A multiple-use (forestry, grazing, and wildlife management) watershed and the restored site ranked between the silvicultural and agricultural sites. This spectrum of land use and aquatic biointegrity illustrates both the challenges and opportunities that define watershed management.     

GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀量估算——以江西省泰和县灌溪乡为例

在地理信息技术（ＧＩＳ）的支持下，应用通用土壤侵蚀方程（ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌＳｏｉｌＬｏｓｓＥｑｕａｔｉｏｎ，简称ＵＳＬＥ）估算了江西省泰和县灌溪乡的土壤侵蚀量。研究结果表明，当地表覆盖率大于１５％时，计算的结果与实测的数据有良好的相关性（０８７）。     

突变理论在研究南方丘陵山区水土流失发展过程中的应用——以江西省兴国县为例

本文试图用突变理论和突变模型解释和描述水土流失过程的特点和规律,提出水土流失过程是突变过程,并以江西省兴国县为例应用尖点型突变模型对水土流失的现状及发展过程进行模拟。根据尖点型突变模型的性质,文中提出水土流失过程具有滞后性、发散性、双模态性和突变性,最后用得到的确定性模型将水土流失分为三种状态类型,即非流失稳定状态,稳定流失状态及潜在突变状态并提出在人力和财力有限的情况下,水土保持的重点应放在轻度和中度流失区。     

Agriculture sustainability in a sensitive environment--a case analysis of Loess Plateau in China

Loess Plateau, an arid and semi-arid region in Northwest China, is well-known for its most serious soil erosion in terms of sediment yield each year. Soil erosion, which is intensified by agricultural activities, is the major factor influencing sustainable agriculture development in this region. It reduces productivity by removing nutrients and especially reducing water availability that is essential for crop production in the area. It also brings about off-site costs by demanding more efforts for maintenance of banks and dams along Yellow River through raising the riverbed with sediment. Climate is capricious and extreme weather conditions occur frequently, which impairs normal agricultural production with erosion and also decrease of water availability. Extensive way of farming still dominates on the Loess Plateau, which cannot produce satisfying economic results and needs to be improved or altered. Conventional agricultural production pattern needs to be reconsidered for husbandry has not been granted its due position. Agriculture is the backbone of economy. Poor agricultural production impedes economic development and vice versa, backward economy also influences the advancement of agriculture. Besides a large population, education status of farmers is another threshold that requires being resolved for a sustainable agriculture.Although conventional agriculture has been practiced there for more than 5000 years, now it cannot meet the demand for food and fiber by the increasing population and some of its farming practices are contributing to environmental degradation directly or indirectly and can sustain no longer. Agriculture on Loess Plateau needs to find its own way of sustainability. To work toward a sustainable agriculture, chances and challenges both indwell on Loess Plateau.     

Soil erosion types in the loess hill and gully area of China

ＳｏｉｌｅｒｏｓｉｏｎｔｙｐｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｌｏｅｓｓｈｉｌｌａｎｄｇｕｌｌｙａｒｅａｏｆＣｈｉｎａＦｕＢｏｊｉｅ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏ－ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｅｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｅｉｅｎｃｅ...     

云南公路建设中的水土流失及其防治

公路建设会带来一系列的环境问题，其中主要为施工期引起的水土流失。本文对公路主体工程、辅助工程施工产生的水土流失及公路营运期水土流失进行分析，并提出一些防治对策。     

利用通用流失方程计算星云湖流域污染负荷

采用通用流失方程计算了星云湖流域的污染负荷 ,并将计算结果和实际调查结果进行了比较 ,二者的相对偏差在 8 2 %～ 19 6 %之间 ,认为在云南省高原湖泊的实际环境管理工作中 ,可以利用通用流失方程进行湖泊污染负荷量的计算 ,得到的结果基本是准确的     

由人类活动引发的自然灾害对黑龙江省环境的影响

人类活动对自然界的影响表现在诸多方面,甚至一些自然灾害的形成和发生都与人类活动密切相关.本文阐述了水土流失、土地沙化、地面塌陷等自然灾害的成因、对黑龙江省自然环境的影响,明确了人类活动在这些自然灾害的形成和发生中所起的作用.