从萘系高效减水剂中分离硫酸钠的清洁工艺

对萘系高效减水剂中硫酸钠的分离提出了一种用有机醇作为促析剂的分离工艺,在较高温度和较高的水剂总浓度下,按水剂质量的３０％加入促析剂,可使粉剂中硫酸钠的质量分数降至３％以下,促析剂可回收利用。该工艺无三废排放,工艺简单,可望取代传统的脱硫酸钙法。     

The Time Invariance Principle,the absence of ecological chaos,and a fundamental pitfall of discrete modeling

This paper is to show that most discrete models used for population dynamics in ecology are inherently pathological that their predications cannot be independently verified by experiments because they violate a fundamental principle of physics. The result is used to tackle an on-going controversy regarding ecological chaos. Another implication of the result is that all dynamical systems must be modeled by differential equations. As a result it suggests that researches based on discrete modeling must be closely scrutinized and the teaching of calculus and differential equations must be emphasized for students of biology.     

Fish forewarning of comprehensive toxicity in water environment based on Bayesian sequential method

Environmental impact of pollutants can be analyzed effectively by acquiring fish behavioral signals in water with biological behavior sensors. However, a variety of factors, such as the complexity of biological organisms themselves, the device error and the environmental noise, may compromise the accuracy and timeliness of model predictions. The current methods lack prior knowledge about the fish behavioral signals corresponding to characteristic pollutants, and in the event of a pollutant invasion, the fish behavioral signals are poorly discriminated. Therefore, we propose a novel method based on Bayesian sequential, which utilizes multi-channel prior knowledge to calculate the outlier sequence based on wavelet feature followed by calculating the anomaly probability of observed values. Furthermore, the relationship between the anomaly probability and toxicity is analyzed in order to achieve forewarning effectively. At last, our algorithm for fish toxicity detection is verified by integrating the data on laboratory acceptance of characteristic pollutants. The results show that only one false positive occurred in the six experiments, the present algorithm is effective in suppressing false positives and negatives, which increases the reliability of toxicity detections, and thereby has certain applicability and universality in engineering applications.     

中国艾比湖湿地识别及其时空动态变化

在资料稀缺的背景下,遥感数据是提供湿地系统长时间序列的理想方案。然而面向“一带一路”沿线地区复杂下垫面,国家级湿地缺乏系统的长时序梳理。利用Landsat系列数据,基于随机森林分类模型,研究近30年中国典型尾闾湖湿地的时空分布模式、空间转换规律和景观连通性。结果表明：随机森林算法在艾比湖湿地分类应用中取得较高精度（Kappa系数大于0.9）。1991—2017年艾比湖湿地总面积增加425.06 km²,河流增加47.97 km²,湖泊增加233.95 km²,人工湿地增加48.74 km²,盐沼增加109.41 km²,沼泽减少15.01 km²。艾比湖湿地年内时空变化显著,年内季节间盐沼转化率最大,湖泊年内逐渐缩小,主要转化为沼泽。此外,艾比湖湿地空间连通性理想度排序为：春季>夏季>秋季,湿地景观连通性取决于较大面积的湿地斑块,连通效率东移。相关结果可弥补稀缺资料区基础湿地资料,为“一带一路”地区生态补水长效机制提供典型示范。     

生物质炭对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定作用机理

不同来源生物质炭表面和理化性质差别很大,对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定不同.以3种不同来源生物质炭（椰壳粉末、草木灰和聊城电厂灰）为研究对象,应用被动采样技术监测治理过程中污染物浓度的变化,揭示生物质炭理化性质及其与吸附固定效果之间的关系.结果表明:①3种生物质炭粒径相差不大,但椰克粉末的BET比表面积比草木灰和聊城电厂灰高2个数量级,孔隙结构发达.②吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的静态模拟试验结果显示,椰克粉末对3类有机物（多环芳烃、苯系物和酞酸酯）的吸附固定作用均很强,投加10个月,沉积物孔隙水中3类有机物的质量浓度降低92.7%以上,与其属于非极性吸附剂、BET比表面积大、孔隙结构发达有关;草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用较弱,分别为62.5%和59.6%,与其表面积小、孔隙结构不发达有关.③生物质炭吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的动力学研究结果显示,草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用能很快达到平衡,也与其BET比表面积小、孔隙结构不发达相关.研究显示,生物质炭的理化性质（如BET比表面积、孔隙结构等）是影响有机物污染沉积物治理效果的主要因素.      

多级串联表面流库塘-湿地净化农田径流效果评价

农田径流已成为湖泊流域非点源污染治理的主要制约因素.为研究多级串联表面流库塘-湿地中各级表面流湿地对洱海流域农田径流水体的净化效果,以大理市喜洲镇美坝村新建的多级串联表面流库塘-湿地为研究对象,跟踪监测其各级表面流湿地进、出水中ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（TP）,分析水质净化效果及营养盐质量浓度沿程变化规律.结果表明:①多级串联表面流库塘-湿地出水ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（TP）平均值分别为1.77、1.18和0.05 mg/L,低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅴ类标准限值,TN、NO₃--N和TP去除率分别为57.75%、65.54%和67.43%.②农田径流在经过沉淀池、一级和二级表面流湿地后,对TN、NO₃--N和TP的去除率已分别达45.35%、52.21%和50.59%,且二级表面流湿地中出水ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（TP）分别为2.36、1.69和0.06 mg/L,已达到较好的出水水质.③氮、磷营养盐质量浓度沿程削减模型拟合结果表明,指数削减模型较适宜表征TN、NO₃--N在多级串联表面流库塘-湿地中的沿程削减过程,而TP的最佳削减模型为线性削减模型.研究显示,多级串联表面流库塘-湿地对农田径流具有较好的净化效果,其对营养盐净化作用主要体现在前两级表面流湿地.      

Benefits, efforts and risks of participants in landscape co-management: an analytical framework and results from two case studies in Austria

Participatory processes in general and also in relation to managing landscape issues are gathering importance mostly due to arguments surrounding legitimacy and effectiveness in decision-making. The main aim of this research, based on a transaction costs perspective, is to present an integrated analytical framework in order to determine individual efforts (time, money), benefits and risks of participants in landscape co-management processes. Furthermore a reflection on the analytical approach developed and arising lessons to be learned for landscape co-management are presented. In the analytical framework benefit-components comprise of factors such as 'contributing to landscape maintenance/development and nature protection', 'representing one's interest group', 'co-deciding on relevant topics', 'providing and broadening one's knowledge' and 'building networks'. The risks of participation are related to a lack of information and agreements, missing support and actual decision-making power. The analytical framework is applied to two case studies in Austria: an EU LIFE-Nature project and a Cultural Landscape Project of the Provincial Government of Lower Austria. Analysis of the effort-benefit-relations provides an indication for a more effective design of co-management. Although the processes are rated as quite adequate, there is a low willingness of participants to commit additional time to co-management processes. In contrast to the Cultural Landscape Project, in the LIFE-Nature project, professionally involved persons participate next to partly and full volunteers. These uneven conditions of participation and an unfair distribution of transaction costs, jeopardize the promising chances co-management bears for landscape governance.     

对某高层酒店建筑给水和消火栓系统设计的体会与思考

生活给水系统设计时,将室内外给水管网分成两套,结合实际情况从安全、经济以及维护管理等因素考虑,在地下室布置成立体双环状给水系统;生活热水采用一台容积式浮动盘管热交换器换热供给热水;从理论上论证了组合型消防栓箱在本工程中的适用性和优越性,提出可将灭火器和消火栓位置设于一处的观点供大家在设计上参考。     

瓦斯浓度区间预测的灰色聚类与高斯过程模型

为有效分析矿井瓦斯监测数据,以实现准确、可靠的瓦斯浓度预测,基于灰色关联聚类分析与高斯过程回归模型,研究瓦斯浓度时间序列分析与预测的方法。以预测有效度为预测精度的评估指标来动态确定重构瓦斯浓度时间序列样本空间的维数;应用灰色关联分析方法将瓦斯浓度时间序列划分成若干样本集,将其中具有关联特征的样本作为虚拟变量进行预测以消除因随机、不确定因素干扰而引起的预测误差;应用高斯过程回归模型实现瓦斯浓度区间预测,将预测结果表示成一个具有较高可信度的取值区间,以此表达对未来一段时间内瓦斯浓度动态变化情况的预测。实例分析表明:预测结果准确、可靠,能够较好地反映瓦斯浓度的实际变化状况。     

基于HHT方法的矿井瓦斯体积分数预测

为有效分析煤矿瓦斯监测数据以实现较准确的瓦斯浓度预测,研究应用希尔伯特-黄变换(HHT)方法进行瓦斯浓度时间序列分析与预测的方法。应用经验模态分解(EMD)方法将瓦斯浓度时间序列分解成不同频率的固有模态函数(IMF)分量的叠加,以获取瓦斯浓度时间序列的瞬时特征;通过Hilbert变换求得各IMF分量的瞬时频率,依据各IMF分量瞬时频率的均值将分解得到的IMF划分成较高频和低频2类新的分量,选取适合于各分量特征的预测模型分别进行预测,以消除局部随机性对预测精度的影响,结合自回归(AR)、径向基函数(RBF)神经网络和支持向量机(SVM)3种预测模型实现瓦斯浓度预测。实例分析表明:应用该方法所得预测结果比较准确,降低了预测复杂度,提高了预测精度。