生物质炭对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定作用机理

不同来源生物质炭表面和理化性质差别很大,对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定不同.以3种不同来源生物质炭（椰壳粉末、草木灰和聊城电厂灰）为研究对象,应用被动采样技术监测治理过程中污染物浓度的变化,揭示生物质炭理化性质及其与吸附固定效果之间的关系.结果表明:①3种生物质炭粒径相差不大,但椰克粉末的BET比表面积比草木灰和聊城电厂灰高2个数量级,孔隙结构发达.②吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的静态模拟试验结果显示,椰克粉末对3类有机物（多环芳烃、苯系物和酞酸酯）的吸附固定作用均很强,投加10个月,沉积物孔隙水中3类有机物的质量浓度降低92.7%以上,与其属于非极性吸附剂、BET比表面积大、孔隙结构发达有关;草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用较弱,分别为62.5%和59.6%,与其表面积小、孔隙结构不发达有关.③生物质炭吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的动力学研究结果显示,草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用能很快达到平衡,也与其BET比表面积小、孔隙结构不发达相关.研究显示,生物质炭的理化性质（如BET比表面积、孔隙结构等）是影响有机物污染沉积物治理效果的主要因素.      

Benefits, efforts and risks of participants in landscape co-management: an analytical framework and results from two case studies in Austria

Participatory processes in general and also in relation to managing landscape issues are gathering importance mostly due to arguments surrounding legitimacy and effectiveness in decision-making. The main aim of this research, based on a transaction costs perspective, is to present an integrated analytical framework in order to determine individual efforts (time, money), benefits and risks of participants in landscape co-management processes. Furthermore a reflection on the analytical approach developed and arising lessons to be learned for landscape co-management are presented. In the analytical framework benefit-components comprise of factors such as 'contributing to landscape maintenance/development and nature protection', 'representing one's interest group', 'co-deciding on relevant topics', 'providing and broadening one's knowledge' and 'building networks'. The risks of participation are related to a lack of information and agreements, missing support and actual decision-making power. The analytical framework is applied to two case studies in Austria: an EU LIFE-Nature project and a Cultural Landscape Project of the Provincial Government of Lower Austria. Analysis of the effort-benefit-relations provides an indication for a more effective design of co-management. Although the processes are rated as quite adequate, there is a low willingness of participants to commit additional time to co-management processes. In contrast to the Cultural Landscape Project, in the LIFE-Nature project, professionally involved persons participate next to partly and full volunteers. These uneven conditions of participation and an unfair distribution of transaction costs, jeopardize the promising chances co-management bears for landscape governance.     

对某高层酒店建筑给水和消火栓系统设计的体会与思考

生活给水系统设计时,将室内外给水管网分成两套,结合实际情况从安全、经济以及维护管理等因素考虑,在地下室布置成立体双环状给水系统;生活热水采用一台容积式浮动盘管热交换器换热供给热水;从理论上论证了组合型消防栓箱在本工程中的适用性和优越性,提出可将灭火器和消火栓位置设于一处的观点供大家在设计上参考。     

瓦斯浓度区间预测的灰色聚类与高斯过程模型

为有效分析矿井瓦斯监测数据,以实现准确、可靠的瓦斯浓度预测,基于灰色关联聚类分析与高斯过程回归模型,研究瓦斯浓度时间序列分析与预测的方法。以预测有效度为预测精度的评估指标来动态确定重构瓦斯浓度时间序列样本空间的维数;应用灰色关联分析方法将瓦斯浓度时间序列划分成若干样本集,将其中具有关联特征的样本作为虚拟变量进行预测以消除因随机、不确定因素干扰而引起的预测误差;应用高斯过程回归模型实现瓦斯浓度区间预测,将预测结果表示成一个具有较高可信度的取值区间,以此表达对未来一段时间内瓦斯浓度动态变化情况的预测。实例分析表明:预测结果准确、可靠,能够较好地反映瓦斯浓度的实际变化状况。     

基于HHT方法的矿井瓦斯体积分数预测

为有效分析煤矿瓦斯监测数据以实现较准确的瓦斯浓度预测,研究应用希尔伯特-黄变换(HHT)方法进行瓦斯浓度时间序列分析与预测的方法。应用经验模态分解(EMD)方法将瓦斯浓度时间序列分解成不同频率的固有模态函数(IMF)分量的叠加,以获取瓦斯浓度时间序列的瞬时特征;通过Hilbert变换求得各IMF分量的瞬时频率,依据各IMF分量瞬时频率的均值将分解得到的IMF划分成较高频和低频2类新的分量,选取适合于各分量特征的预测模型分别进行预测,以消除局部随机性对预测精度的影响,结合自回归(AR)、径向基函数(RBF)神经网络和支持向量机(SVM)3种预测模型实现瓦斯浓度预测。实例分析表明:应用该方法所得预测结果比较准确,降低了预测复杂度,提高了预测精度。     

中国主要客源地进出口贸易与入境旅游发展关系的研究

基于1995—2008年统计数据,从洲际和客源国两个层面入手,分析客源地进出口贸易总额和入境客流总量的关系,选取1995—2008年我国同各洲(国)的进出口贸易和入境客流量的案板数据,建立入境客流量和进出口贸易总额的统计方程,分析两者间的相互关系。同时,分析了贸易市场占有率和客源市场占有率的关系,选取1995—2008年对外贸易和入境旅游的相关数据,计算出各洲(国)贸易和客源的市场占有率,分析其变化规律。     

Trends in Pesticide Concentrations in Streamsof the Western United States, 1993‐20051

Johnson, Henry M., Joseph L. Domagalski, and Dina K. Saleh, 2010. Trends in Pesticide Concentrations in Streams of the Western United States, 1993‐2005. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 00(0):1‐22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00507.x Abstract: Trends in pesticide concentrations for 15 streams in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho were determined for the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon and the herbicides atrazine, s‐ethyl diproplythiocarbamate (EPTC), metolachlor, simazine, and trifluralin. A parametric regression model was used to account for flow, seasonality, and antecedent hydrologic conditions and thereby estimate trends in pesticide concentrations in streams arising from changes in use amount and application method in their associated catchments. Decreasing trends most often were observed for diazinon, and reflect the shift to alternative pesticides by farmers, commercial applicators, and homeowners because of use restrictions and product cancelation. Consistent trends were observed for several herbicides, including upward trends in simazine at urban‐influenced sites from 2000 to 2005, and downward trends in atrazine and EPTC at agricultural sites from the mid‐1990s to 2005. The model provided additional information about pesticide occurrence and transport in the modeled streams. Two examples are presented and briefly discussed: (1) timing of peak concentrations for individual compounds varied greatly across this geographic gradient because of different application periods and the effects of local rain patterns, irrigation, and soil drainage and (2) reconstructions of continuous diazinon concentrations at sites in California are used to evaluate compliance with total maximum daily load targets.     

沙尘暴变化的时空特征——基于站日和站时数据的对比分析

利用中国强沙尘暴序列及其支撑数据集,分别以站日和站时为计算单位,建立了中国50 a(1958-2007年)沙尘暴时间序列,分析了两个序列的关系,并比较了两者所反映出的沙尘暴时空变化特征。结果表明,站日和站时序列总体变化趋势比较一致,但细节有所差别,有时会影响某些结论。在反映沙尘暴的时间变化和空间分布时,两者存在明显的差异。     

季节调整分析在城市火灾发生规律研究中的应用

利用样本周期图法定量分析了城市火灾序列的周期性,并实例分析得出了北京市火灾时间序列具有12个月和48个月的周期性。然后采用季节调整法,将火灾时间序列中的季节因子和不规则因子提取出来,得出了经季节调整后的时间序列,从而得到了北京市火灾发生受季节因素影响的大小和城市火灾时间序列的基本发展趋势,大大提高了火灾数据之间的可比性。同时结论可为消防管理部门有针对性地采取消防监督管理措施和科学地安排消防执勤战备提供有力指导。