饮食业油烟净化技术与应用

近年来，饮食业油烟污染已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一。比较分析了目前国内使用的几类油烟净化设备的性能及应用现状，提出不同规模的饮食业单位应选择的油烟净化技术。通过比较发现，静电油烟净化技术和静电复合式油烟净化技术是目前国内油烟净化技术的主流，并提出等离子体技术、催化燃烧技术是今后油烟净化的发展趋势。     

土地处理法处理钻探泥浆的土壤特性研究

论述了中国陆上油田的土壤类型，这些土壤的理化性质以及土壤中的微生物种类。采用土地处理法处理废弃泥浆时，一方面，废弃泥浆中的重金属、有机物对土壤会带来负面的影响，如有机质及阳离子的含量升高，含盐量升高，pH升高，土壤的孔隙度降低等；另一方面，微生物降解有机物而形成腐植质，可以改善土壤性质。并且，通过对土壤的改良，可以解决上述的负面影响。最后得出结论，土地处理法处理废弃泥浆在技术上、经济上、环境上都是可行的。     

陇东黄土旱塬区几种作物田间耗水量及土壤水分亏缺分异特征

基于陇东黄土干旱塬区轮作及复种模式田间试验土壤水分观测资料，对轮作种植下几种作物的农田耗水量、土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺分异规律及数量特征进行了比较分析．主要结论是：在完全雨养农业生产条件下，降水年型、作物播期和生育期及作物耗水特性不同是引起作物田间耗水量、土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺分异的主要原因；秋播冬小麦田间耗水对播前土壤贮水表现了较大的依赖性，而播前土壤贮水对春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子生长耗水的补偿效应相对较小；秋播与春播作物在农田土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺状况方面的差异也很明显，这表现在无论干旱年还是丰雨年．秋播冬小麦对土壤贮水的利用程度显著高于春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子，而其生育期土壤水分亏缺状况则比春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子严重得多，尽管春播各作物间也存在着一定的差异．     

Relationships of ozone formation sensitivity with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types, in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China

Due to the influences of precursors emissions, meteorology, geography and other factors, ozone formation sensitivity (OFS) is generally spatially and temporally heterogeneous. This study characterized detailed spatial and temporal variations of OFS in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2012 to 2016 based on OMI satellite data, and analyzed the relationships of OFS with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types (LUTs). From 2012 to 2016, the OFS tended to be NO_x-limited in GBA, with the value of FNR (HCHO/NO₂) increasing from 2.04 to 2.22. According to the total annual emission statistics of precursors, NO_x emissions decreased by 33.1% and VOCs emissions increased by 35.2% from 2012 to 2016, directly resulting in OFS tending to be NO_x-limited. The Grey Relation Analysis results show that total column water (TCW), surface net solar radiation (SSR), air temperature at 2 m (T2) and surface pressure (SP) are the top four meteorological factors with the greatest influences on OFS. There are significant positive correlations between FNR and T2, SSR, TCW, and significant negative correlations between FNR and SP. In GBA, the OFS tends to be NO_x-limited regime in wet season (higher T2, SSR, TCW and lower SP) and VOCs-limited regime in dry season (lower T2, SSR, TCW and higher SP). The FNR displays obvious gradient variations on different LUTs, with the highest in “Rural areas”, second in “Suburban areas” and lowest in “Urban areas”.     

Assessment of column aerosol optical properties using ground-based sun-photometer at urban Harbin, Northeast China

Aerosol plays a key role in determining radiative balance, regional climate and human health. Severe air pollution over Northeast China in recent years urges more comprehensive studies to figure out the adverse effects caused by excessive aerosols. In this study, column aerosol measurements over urban Harbin, a metropolis located at the highest latitude in Northeast China, during May 2016 to March 2017 were conducted using a CIMEL sun-photometer to analyze local aerosol properties and its variation from different aspects. According to the observations, aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AOD₄₄₀) ranges from 0.07 up to 1.54, and the large variability in both AOD₄₄₀ and Angstrom Exponent (AE_440–870) indicates the frequent change of aerosol types due of different emission sources. Coarse mode particles dominated Harbin during the studying period because of the long-range transported dust and probably the suspended snow crystals in winter. As the wavelength increases, relatively consistent decrease trends of single scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry factor (ASY) were observed in spring, autumn, and winter, indicating the presence of absorbing polluted aerosols. Mixed type (MIX) aerosol dominated the study region with a total percentage of 34%, and biomass burning and urban industry (BB/UI), clean continental (CC), and desert dust (DD) aerosols were found to be 31%, 27%, and 8%, respectively. The current work fills up the optical characteristics of aerosols in Harbin, and will contribute to the in-depth understanding of local aerosol variation and regional climate change over Northeast China.     

冬季太湖草、藻型湖区N2O的生成与排放特征

对太湖典型草（包括沉水植物及挺水植物湖区）、藻型湖区水-气界面N₂O排放通量、水柱溶存浓度、泥-水界面通量以及3个湖区的水柱及沉积物理化性质进行了原位观测及实验室分析研究,并针对影响N₂O生成与排放的主要环境因子进行了室内的微环境模拟试验.研究结果表明：水-气界面N₂O释放通量及泥-水界面N₂O释放通量为藻型湖区 > 沉水植物湖区 > 挺水植物湖区（（123.10±11.43）μg/（m²·h）,（79.19±4.90）μg/（m²·h）,（53.45±4.22）μg/（m²·h）和（29.60±0.20）μmol/（m²·h）,（10.89±1.66）μmol/（m²·h）,（3.83±0.30）μmol/（m²·h））;水体溶存N₂O浓度均为藻型湖区 > 挺水植物湖区 > 沉水植物湖区（（0.0247±0.0003）μmol/L,（0.0236±0.0003）μmol/L,（0.0219±0.0001）μmol/L）;室内微环境实验结果表明：冬季升高温度能够显著地提高N₂O的生成潜力,高盐度对3种生态类型湖区沉积物N₂O的生成速率总体表现出抑制作用,藻型湖区及挺水植物湖区沉积物N₂O释放潜力在添加Cl^-组明显高于控制组,氮盐度过高会抑制沉积物N₂O产生,而沉水植物湖区沉积物N₂O产生受到抑制;随添加NH+4-N和NO-3-N等营养盐浓度升高,藻型湖区及沉水植物湖区沉积物中N₂O生成速率增加,挺水植物湖区N₂O生成速率降低,而乙酸盐作为微生物活动的碳源和能源对N₂O生成表现出抑制作用.冬季太湖典型草、藻型湖区N₂O排放存在显著差异,冬季草/藻型湖区N2O生成主要受冬季低温的限制,另外也受水柱无机氮形态及浓度的影响.     

不同林分类型土壤对铜的吸附及其影响因素

测定了浙江安吉6种林分类型(茶园、毛竹林、湿地松林、灌木林、落叶栎林、常绿苦槠-青冈混交林)、4个层次(0—10、10—20、20—40、40—60 cm)土壤对Cu2 的吸附量,并探求土壤有机质含量、CEC、pH值及颗粒组成与Cu2 吸附量之间的关系。结果表明,落叶栎林对Cu2 的吸附量最大,灌木林次之,茶林与常绿苦槠-青冈混交林居中,毛竹林与湿地松林吸附量最小;不同层次土壤对Cu2 的吸附量随土层深度增加而减少。土壤有机质含量和CEC是影响供试土壤Cu2 吸附量的主要因素。建立了土壤有机质含量和CEC与土壤Cu2 吸附量的关系模型。     

Costa Rica's Payment for Environmental Services Program: Intention, Implementation, and Impact

Abstract:  We evaluated the intention, implementation, and impact of Costa Rica's program of payments for environmental services (PSA), which was established in the late 1990s. Payments are given to private landowners who own land in forest areas in recognition of the ecosystem services their land provides. To characterize the distribution of PSA in Costa Rica, we combined remote sensing with geographic information system databases and then used econometrics to explore the impacts of payments on deforestation. Payments were distributed broadly across ecological and socioeconomic gradients, but the 1997–2000 deforestation rate was not significantly lower in areas that received payments. Other successful Costa Rican conservation policies, including those prior to the PSA program, may explain the current reduction in deforestation rates. The PSA program is a major advance in the global institutionalization of ecosystem investments because few, if any, other countries have such a conservation history and because much can be learned from Costa Rica's experiences.     

热带滨海区不同土地利用背景下土壤溶解性有机氮的组成与粒径分布特征

溶解态有机氮(DON)是土壤中活跃的氮库,其生态环境行为与它的化学组成和粒径分布密切相关。为评估热带滨海区不同土地利用方式对不同粒径中土壤溶解性有机氮组成特征的影响,从水稻田、橡胶园、菜园和果园采集土壤样品,通过一系列微滤和超滤(0.7,0.45,0.2,0.1μm,100,10,1 kDa)对土壤溶解性有机氮分级,并使用连续流动分析仪、三维荧光光谱和红外光谱研究了滤液中溶解态有机氮、无机氮的含量及荧光组分和有机官能团特征。结果表明,4种土地利用背景下土壤DON值的范围为5.25-10.88 mg·kg^-1,其大小顺序为水稻>菜园>果树>橡胶,且DON与溶解性总氮(DTN)的比值范围为26.08%-67.11%,其中橡胶土最高,水稻土最低;不同粒径下4种土地利用类型土壤DON主要集中在<100 kDa的粒径中,其值范围为4.85-9.48 mg·kg^-1,占全量的85.89%-92.41%。三维荧光光谱(3D-EEMs)及平行因子分析表明,4种土地利用背景下土壤DON含有两种类腐殖质组分及一种类蛋白质组分,且以类腐殖质组分为主,占比54.00%-77.67%;类蛋白组分对土地利用变化敏感,且随着粒径的减小,类蛋白组分占比增加,在<1 kDa组分中比例最高。红外光谱结果表明,4种土地利用背景下土壤DON主要在6个位置有相似的吸收峰,包含3410 cm^-1、1636 cm^-1、1402 cm^-1、1138-1035 cm^-1、673 cm^-1、602 cm^-1,不同土地利用背景下各吸收峰的透光度不同,强度最大的吸收来自游离的胺类N-H伸缩振动;水稻、菜园土壤DON芳香物质含量较高,结构较复杂。了解DON的组成与粒径分布对土地利用的响应,对进一步研究其生态环境行为具有重要意义。     

典型背景点降水化学组份的分析

在全球背景降水的三种类型背景点中，海洋型背景降水受海洋大气环流控制，化学组份来源于海洋气溶胶，内陆在海洋相间型背景降水的化学组份主要来源于海洋气溶胶与仙陆大气污染物，内陆型大气背景降水的化学组份则主要来源于杨法和内陆大气传输。