Application of the quadratic entropy indices for diversity studies of drosophilid assemblages

Most diversity indices widely used in ecology (e.g. the Shannon-Wiener index and the Gini-Simpson index) do not reflect taxonomic or other differences among species. Quadratic entropy, proposed by C.R. Rao (1982), takes these differences into account. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the application of this diversity index in investigations of drosophilid species diversity. Quadratic entropy and Simpson index values are also compared. The elements of the difference matrix in the quadratic form are taxonomic differences (distances) among the species. The difference is defined by the position of the lowest-ranking taxon containing both species. According to the results, the Gini-Simpson index and the taxonomic quadratic entropy are positively correlated. The observed differences are due to the fact that assemblages with greater taxonomic distances produce greater quadratic entropy. Drosophilid species can be assigned to specific life habit classes, more specifically to resource types. After postulating differences between the types, we used the quadratic entropy measure to analyse resource diversity. These kinds of examinations approximate to an operative association of species diversity and environmental diversity.     

兰州北山不同植被土壤可培养微生物丰度变化特征及影响因素

以黄土高原中部的兰州北山为对象,通过野外取样和室内分析,动态监测黄土高原半干旱区两种人工林地生态系统的微生物类群分布规律.结果表明：试验区环境因子差异较大,林地土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮均高于荒地.全磷随植被类型变化差异不显著,随季节变化差异显著.土壤温度夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季,土壤容重与有机碳、全氮含量呈显著负相关.不同植被类型土壤微生物丰度四季变化趋势为：细菌 > 放线菌 > 真菌的分布规律.微生物类群总数整体表现为林地高于荒地.回归分析显示：土壤pH值与细菌数量、放线菌数量及微生物总数均呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,而与真菌呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）;土壤容重与真菌数量呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）;土壤温度与细菌、真菌及微生物总数均表现出显著正相关（P < 0.05）.通径分析表明,pH值对细菌数量的直接通径系数最大,容重对真菌数量的直接通径系数最大,土壤含水量对放线菌数量直接通径系数最大.研究显示,兰州北山植被恢复区土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷等林地高于荒地,表明植被恢复对微生物的数量与种类有影响,且混交林的造林方式适宜兰州北植被恢复.     

Investigating the effects of monthly weather variations on Connecticut freeway crashes from 2011 to 2015

IntroductionThe objective of this research is to investigate the effects of monthly weather conditions on traffic crash experience on freeways, considering the interactions between weather, traffic volumes, and roadway conditions. Methods: Data from the state of Connecticut from 2011to 2015 were used. Random parameters negative binomial models with first-order, autoregressive covariance were estimated for representative types of freeway crashes (front-to-rear, sideswipe-same-direction, and fixed-object), most severe crashes (i.e., fatal and injury crashes), and non-injury crashes (i.e., property-damage-only crashes). Results: Major findings are that variations in monthly traffic volumes, roadway geometry, and weather conditions explain much of the variations in monthly traffic crashes. Time effects exist in the panel monthly data for all types of crashes. Taking into account this effect improves model prediction results. When the raw weather measures are highly correlated, using dimension reduction techniques helps to extract more interpretable weather factors. By considering the interaction effects between roadway condition variables, additional findings were found. In general, lower temperature, more heavy fog days, decreased precipitation, lower wind speed, higher monthly traffic volumes, and narrower inside shoulder were found to be associated with higher monthly crashes. The effects of area type and outside shoulder width change dramatically as the number of through lanes changes. Practical applications: The findings of this research could help researchers and general readers gain a better understanding of the effects of monthly weather conditions and other roadway factors on freeway crashes and give engineers practical guidelines on improving freeway safety.     

泽龙湖景观水污染治理及生态修复

为了去除泽龙湖微污染景观水中的氮、磷及有机物等污染成分,采用人工增氧和浮田型生态岛技术对泽龙湖景观水进行了生态修复。结果表明,人工增氧能很好地氧化水中有机物,生态岛水生植物可有效地吸收氮和磷,处理后湖水可达到《地面水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中的Ⅳ类标准。     

海洋工程用新型牺牲阳极设计与性能研究(Ⅰ)——小尺寸阳极静态海水试验研究

目的设计一种新型牺牲阳极,满足海洋工程钢结构阴极保护不同时期保护电流需求,节约牺牲阳极用量。方法通过改变常规阳极面积与质量比,分别设计面积相同和质量相同的新型阳极和常规阳极,并进行静态海水阴极保护对比试验。结果面积与常规阳极相同的新型阳极,在节约质量近50%的基础上,实现了与常规阳极相近的发生电流;质量与常规阳极相同的新型阳极,表面积增加近70%,实现了初期发生电流增加18%,试验阶段发生电流增加14%,被保护钢试样的快速极化。结论通过增加常规阳极面积与质量比,降低接水电阻,增加发生电流的设计思路是可行的。     

浅析山地型风力发电场生态环境影响

随着中国风电产业的迅速发展,风电场建设越来越多,风电场的建设对调节能源结构,减轻环境污染,减少温室气体排放,缓解电力紧张都有着重要的意义.风力发电对生态环境的不利影响主要表现在施工期和运行期,施工期生态影响为植物量损失,运行期生态影响为对鸟类和景观影响.以五凤山风电场为例,探讨了山地型风电场对生态环境的影响.主要为对植被、鸟类和景观的影响,并提出了有效的环境保护措施.     

差压式流量计误差产生机理分析及改进

通过对管内流体流动机理的分析 ,指出目前普遍使用的差压式流量计误差产生的原因 ,并对流量计的改进进行构思及对改进途径作了探讨。     

粒状活性炭处理水样并采用紫外分光光度法快速测定水中的硝酸盐氮

介绍一种通过用粒状活性炭处理水样并采用紫外分光光度法快速测定水中硝酸盐氮的方法,用粒状活性炭处理水样以消除干扰,使水中硝酸盐氮得到了快速而又准确的测定。     

Degradation of fenamiphos in soils collected from different geographical regions: The influence of soil properties and climatic conditions

The persistence of fenamiphos (nematicide) in five soils collected from different geographical regions such as Australia, Ecuador and India under three temperature regimes (18, 25 and 37°C) simulating typical environmental conditions was studied. The effect of soil properties (soil pH, temperature and microbial biomass) on the degradation of fenamiphos was determined. The rate of degradation increased with increase in temperature. Fenamiphos degradation was higher at 37°C than at 25 and 18°C (except under alkaline pH). The degradation pathway differed in different soils. Fenamiphos sulfoxide (FSO) was identified as the major degradation product in all the soils. Fenamiphos sulfone (FSO₂), and the corresponding phenols: fenamiphos phenol (FP), fenamiphos sulfoxide phenol (FSOP) and fenamiphos sulfone phenol (FSO₂P) were also detected. The degradation of fenamiphos was faster in the alkaline soils, followed by neutral and acidic soils. Under sterile conditions, the dissipation of the pesticide was slower than in the non-sterile soils suggesting microbial role in the pesticide degradation. The generation of new knowledge on fenamiphos degradation patterns under different environmental conditions is important to achieve better pesticide risk management.