中国三个不同富营养化湖泊沉积物中Cu、Zn赋存特征及其与营养盐的相关性分析

对太湖、南四湖、白洋淀三个不同富营养化湖泊沉积物进行采样,采用Tessier连续提取法,测定了3个湖泊表层沉积物中Cu、Zn两种重金属的赋存形态,并初步探讨了重金属各形态与沉积物及上覆水中营养盐的相关关系。结果表明,沉积物中重金属总量以白洋淀最高,太湖最低,但重金属污染程度为太湖＆gt;南四湖＆gt;白洋淀,太湖Cu污染指数为1.34~1.6,白洋淀Cu污染指数仅为0.79~1.17。沉积物中重金属赋存形态Cu主要以残渣态和有机质结合态为主（二者之和占73%以上）, Zn则以残渣态和Fe-Mn氧化态占优（二者之和比例达83%以上）,含量最少的均为可交换态。不同湖泊沉积物重金属赋存形态差异较大,太湖残渣态重金属占总量的比例最小（Cu为43%~56%,Zn为49%~63%）,南四湖残渣态占的比例最大（Cu为59%~82%、Zn为64%~77%）;可交换态比重在太湖中最高（Cu占3.2%~5.6%,Zn为1.3%~1.5%）,在南四湖中最低（Cu为1.1%~2.9%,Zn未检出）。从“非稳定态”重金属（除残渣态外的四种形态之和）所占比例看,相较其它两个湖泊,太湖沉积物中重金属污染人为输入的活性态占较大比重,具有较高的二次释放风险。相关性分析得出,重金属Cu的可交换态与上覆水中总氮及总磷之间存在着极显著的正相关关系,碳酸盐结合态Cu与沉积物中营养盐呈现出显著的负相关性,说明水体的富营养化程度加剧可能会增强沉积物中Cu向水体释放的风险。     

过渡金属对Pt Rh Pd/Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

研究了过渡金属(重点考察了铜)对Pt Rh Pd／Al2O3催化剂尾气净化效能的影响,并应用XRD,TPD,TPR等手段对过渡金属在Pt Rh Pd／Al2O3催化剂中的作用机制进行了探讨．结果表明,过渡金属对Pt Rh Pd／Al2O3催化剂具有较大的改性作用,过渡金属与混合贵金属产生的协同效应有利于催化剂活性的提高．     

重金属和氯酚对霍甫水丝蚓的急性毒性及水环境安全评价

研究了Hg2+、Cr6+和Pb2+等重金属及2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚等氯酚类物质对霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)的急性毒性效应.结果表明, Hg2+、Cr6+和Pb2+对霍甫水丝蚓的96h-LC50分别为0.16,4.25,76.24mg/L;2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对霍甫水丝蚓的96h-LC50分别为20.73,7.86,2.42mg/L. 根据6种污染物对霍甫水丝蚓的毒性实验结果,预测水体中Hg2+、Cr6+和Pb2+对霍甫水丝蚓的安全浓度SC分别为16,425,7624μg/L,最大允许浓度分别为1.6,42.5,762.4μg/L;2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对霍甫水丝蚓的安全浓度SC分别为2073,786,242μg/L,最大允许浓度MPC分别为207.3,78.6,24.2μg/L.6种污染物的毒性评估结果显示,Hg2+对霍甫水丝蚓表现为极高毒性,Cr6+、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对其表现为高等毒性,Pb2+和2,4-二氯酚表现为中等毒性.3种重金属对其毒性顺序为:Hg2+ > Cr6+ > Pb2+;3种氯酚类物质对其毒性大小依次为:五氯酚 > 2,4,6-三氯酚 > 2,4-二氯酚.     

螯合型表面活性剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰改性的研究

以垃圾焚烧飞灰的高附加值资源化和稳定化为目标,研究了螯合型表面活性剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰改性活化和对重金属的稳定螯合效果.通过活化指数和红外光谱分析,在改性剂用量7.0mL/100g飞灰、改性时间15min和改性温度75℃的条件下,ACS1改性飞灰的活化指数可达95%以上.美国环保局固体废弃物浸出毒性试验表明,螯合型表面活性剂对飞灰中重金属具有较强的束缚能力.     

小型燃煤机组烟气重金属排放特征研究

100 MW以下燃煤机组呈单台容量小、总台数大的特点,是燃煤重金属污染的主要排放源之一.选择7台12 MW燃煤机组,采用美国环境保护局Method 29法现场检测燃煤机组烟气重金属排放浓度,分析烟气中Hg、Pb、Cr、As的排放特征;采集机组产生的飞灰和底灰,分析除尘技术对重金属的富集特性.结果表明:100 MW以下燃煤机组烟气中重金属经脱硝除尘脱硫装置协同控制后,ρ（Hg）为0.20~0.44 μg/m3,烟气Hg以气态形式存在,其占比为100.0%;ρ（Pb）为0.5~2.6 μg/m3,烟气Pb主要以气态形式存在,其占比为38.7%~92.1%;ρ（As）为0.6~3.0 μg/m3,烟气As主要以气态形式存在,其占比为67.8%~100.0%;ρ（Cr）为3.6~23.9 μg/m3,烟气Cr主要以颗粒态形式存在,其占比为65.8%~99.2%.飞灰富集Hg、Pb、Cr、As的能力大于底灰.重金属主要富集于飞灰中的细颗粒物中,采取除尘技术可有效协同控制烟气中的Hg、Pb、Cr、As;飞灰中重金属元素Hg、Pb相对富集系数均与煤中硫含量呈负相关,半干法脱硫+袋式除尘技术对飞灰富集Hg有促进作用.小型燃煤机组烟气重金属Hg、Pb、Cr、As的排放因子分别为0.002 2~0.005 1、5~17、42~160、7~24 mg/t.研究显示,100 MW以下燃煤机组与100 MW及以上燃煤机组烟气重金属Hg、Pb、Cr、As排放特征不同,100 MW以下燃煤机组烟气Hg排放浓度较小,二者烟气Pb、Cr、As排放浓度相近,选用湿式电除尘技术可进一步降低烟气Hg、Pb、Cr、As的排放浓度.      

Effect of sediment size on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediments of Izmir Inner Bay

The effect of sediment size on metals bioleaching from bay sediments was investigated by using fine (< 45 μm), medium (45-300 μm), and coarse (300-2000 μm) size fractions of a sediment sample contaminated with Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemical speciation of the metals in bulk and size fractions of sediment were studied before and after bioleaching. Microbial activity was provided with mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bioleaching process was carried out in flask experiments for 48 days, by using 5% (W/V) of solid concentration in suspension. Bioleaching was found to be efficient for the removal of selected heavy metals from every size fraction of sediments, where the experiments with the smaller particles resulted in the highest solubilization ratios. At the end of the experimental period, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were solubilized to the ratios of 68%, 88%, 72%, and 91% from the fine sediment, respectively. Higher removal efficiencies can be explained by the larger surface area provided by the smaller particles. The changes in the chemical forms of metals were determined and most of the metal releases were observed from the reducible and organic fractions independent from grain size. Higher concentrations were monitored in the residual fraction after bioleaching period, suggesting they are trapped in this fraction, and cannot be solubilized under natural conditions.     

Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China

Contamination of soil and agricultural products by heavy metals resulting from rapid industrial development has caused major concern. In this study, we investigated heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg and Cd) concentrations in rice and garden vegetables, as well as in cultivated soils, in a rural-industrial developed region in southern Jiangsu, China, and estimated the potential health risks of metals to the inhabitants via consumption of locally produced rice and garden vegetables. A questionnaire-based survey on dietary consumption rates of foodstuffs showed that rice and vegetables accounted for 64% of total foodstuffs consumed, and over 60% of rice and vegetables were grown in the local region. Average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb were 0.75, 2.64, 12.00, 0.014, 0.006 and 0.054 mg/kg dw (dry weight) in rice and were 0.67, 1.18, 4.34, 0.011, 0.002 and 0.058 mg/kg fw (fresh weight) in garden vegetables, respectively. These values were all below the maximum allowable concentration in food in China except for Cr in vegetables. Leafy vegetables had higher metal concentrations than solanaceae vegetables. Average daily intake of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb through the consumption of rice and garden vegetables were 5.66, 16.90, 74.21, 0.10, 0.04 and 0.43 μg/(kg·day), respectively. Although Hazard Quotient values of individual metals were all lower than 1, when all six metal intakes via self-planted rice and garden vegetables were combined, the Hazard Index value was close to 1. Potential health risks from exposure to heavy metals in self-planted rice and garden vegetables need more attention.     

Heavy metals and their source identification in particulate matter (PM2.5) in Isfahan City, Iran

The presence of heavy metals(HMs) in particulate matters(PMs) particularly fine particles such as PM_(2.5) poses potential risk to the health of human being. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contents of HMs in PM_(2.5) in the atmospheric monitoring stations in Isfahan city,Iran, in different seasons between March 2014 and March 2015 and their source identification using principle component analysis(PCA). The samples of PM_(2.5) were taken using a high volume sampler in 7 monitoring stations located throughout the city and industrial zones since March 2014 to March 2015. The HMs content of the samples was measured using ICP-MS.The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cd and Ni were in a range of 23–36, 1–12,and 5–76 ng/m~3 at all the stations which exceeded the US-EPA standards. Furthermore,the concentrations of Cr and Cu reached to 153 and 167 ng/m~3 in some stations which were also higher than the standard levels. Depending on the potential sources of HMs, their concentration in PM_(2.5) through the various seasons was different. PCA illustrated that the different potential sources of HMs in the atmosphere, showing that the most important sources of HMs originated from fossil fuel combustion, abrasion of vehicle tires, industrial activities(e.g., iron and steel industries) and dust storms. Management and control of air pollution of industrial plants and vehicles are suggested for decreasing the risk of the HMs in the region.     

厌氧系统中酵母浸出物提高Co、Fe生物有效性的研究

采用半连续实验,研究中、低温条件下酵母浸出物对厌氧系统中Co、Fe溶解性能和生物有效性的改善作用.结果表明,酵母浸出物对提高纯水中和投加不同有机基质的水中溶解态Co、Fe浓度有明显效果,能显著提高低温下厌氧系统中Co、Fe的生物有效性.在15℃和35℃下,投加酵母浸出物后,水中溶解态Co、Fe浓度均有上升,其中Fe浓度升高明显.啤酒废水等含有酵母浸出物的废水对这种提升作用也有帮助.在15℃厌氧系统中移除酵母浸出物、Co、Fe之后,COD去除率由91.6%下降到58%;重新投加Co、Fe后效果有所回升,其中同时添加酵母浸出物的系统,其COD去除率回升明显,升幅达31.6%,产甲烷速率也呈上升趋势,证实了同时投加酵母浸出物和Co、Fe可有效促进低温下厌氧生物系统的处理效能.     

骨炭修复重金属污染土壤和降低基因毒性的研究

采用分级提取的方法研究了施加骨炭对污染土壤重金属的固定效果,结果表明,土壤施加10 mg·kg^-1骨炭后水溶态、交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb的浓度都显著下降;而加入骨炭后土壤有机结合态Pb的浓度显著上升,表明骨炭可以吸附、固定土壤中的Pb,改变Pb的化学形态,降低Pb的生物可利用性.加入骨炭后土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd的浓度都显著下降,残渣态Cd的浓度明显上升.骨炭处理对土壤中Cu化学形态的影响和Pb相似,表明骨炭可以吸附固定土壤中的Cu.骨炭处理对Zn也有一定的固定效果,降低了土壤中水溶态的Zn.采用植物彗星实验研究了施加骨炭对土壤基因毒性的影响,表明加入骨炭后减轻了污染土壤对洋葱根尖细胞的DNA的损伤,降低了土壤污染对植物的基因毒性.生物评价和化学评价的结果均表明骨炭是重金属污染土壤的有效修复剂,能有效降低污染土壤中重金属的生物有效性和对植物的毒性.