设施叶菜类蔬菜重金属镉、铅和砷累积特征及健康风险评价

近年来京津冀地区春季扬沙、秋冬季节雾或霾频发,大气可吸入颗粒物尤其是PM2.5可负载镉铅砷等重金属,易被叶菜类蔬菜(叶菜)吸收并在可食部位累积,设施叶菜类蔬菜可食部位重金属的累积是否同样受大气沉降的影响.对此,以京津冀地区常见6种叶菜类蔬菜——菠菜、油麦菜、生菜、小白菜、茼蒿和茴香为主要对象,采用田间试验,探索了大棚叶...     

高速公路雨水径流重金属污染初期效应

通过对8场降雨高速公路路面雨水径流中溶解态和颗粒态Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn 4种重金属进行现场取样检测,在定性分析径流重金属污染初期效应存现的基础上,定量分析了重金属污染初期效应的显著程度,并探讨了降雨特征对径流重金属污染初期效应的影响.无因次累积负荷分数-累积体积分数曲线分析结果表明,大多数降雨事件中总重金属存在较显著的初期效应,除溶解态Pb不具有初期效应外,其余溶解态与颗粒态重金属均存在较显著的初期效应.少数降雨事件的径流在中后期存在二次冲刷效应.初期冲刷比值分析结果表明,拦截并处理径流初期25%流量(径流的体积分数,下同)可去除整个降雨事件中所排放的35%～39%(质量分数,下同)的重金属污染负荷.总重金属初期效应的显著程度顺序如下:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb;溶解态重金属初期效应的显著程度顺序如下:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb;颗粒态重金属初期效应的显著程度顺序为:Cu>Cd>Pb>Zn.重金属初期冲刷比值与降雨特征相关性分析表明,平均降雨强度对径流重金属污染负荷初期效应的影响显著,降雨历时、降雨量、前期晴天数和产流时间对径流重金属污染负荷初期效应的影响较小.     

上海白龙港排污口附近潮滩沉积物中重金属总量及其化学形态分析

利用Tessier分级提取法依次提取了上海白龙港排污口附近潮滩沉积物中几种重金属元素的化学形态 ,结果表明 :Cu、Pb、Fe、Zn、Cr在沉积物中均以残渣态为主 ,Mn以碳酸盐结合态为主 ,占到总量的 5 0 %左右 ;秋季碳酸盐结合态重金属向铁锰氧化物结合态发生形态迁移与转化 ,在低潮滩沉积物中 ,碳酸盐结合态重金属发生分解以后 ,一部分向上覆水发生了迁移和扩散 ;Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn重金属元素之间具有良好的相关性 ,Zn、Cr在沉积物中也表现出相似的化学行为。     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

基于改进LUR模型的区域土壤重金属空间分布预测

以江苏省常州市金坛区为例,借鉴传统LUR模型思路,考虑土壤重金属的源汇关系,加入土壤属性因子,构建LUR-S模型模拟预测了研究区土壤重金属含量空间分布,并与传统LUR模型及普通克里格插值模型结果进行对比,结果表明:(1)研究区土壤重金属含量受到以土地利用为主的源因子及反映重金属在土壤中赋存环境的汇因子的共同影响.就源影响因子而言,土壤Cu、Zn含量分别与2 000 m缓冲区内交通用地面积、2 000 m缓冲区内城市建设用地面积极显著相关(P0.01);就汇影响因子而言,土壤Cr、Cu、Zn含量与OM、Corg、TC、TN极显著相关(P0.01).(2)研究区土壤重金属Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn空间分布预测的LUR-S模型方程R2较传统LUR模型分别提高了0.041、0.406、0.102、0.501,精度检验R2较普通克里格插值模型分别提高了0.147 7、0.011 6、0.231 0、0.081,RMSE较普通克里格插值分别减少了2.413、0.631、1.112、2.138,表明考虑了源汇关系的LUR-S模型预测精度高于传统LUR模型和普通克里格插值模型;(3)LUR-S模型对污染较低、变异较小重金属空间分布预测的适用性较好,而对污染较高、变异较大重金属则较差.     

太湖西岸河网沉积物中重金属污染特征及风险评价

为研究太湖西岸河网沉积物中重金属污染特征及风险,调查了丰-平-枯3个水期19个点位8种重金属的含量,结果表明,沉积物中重金属浓度顺序为ZnCrCuPbNiAsCdHg,其中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni明显高于其环境背景值,除As外,其余7种重金属平水期含量高于丰水和枯水期.地累积指数(I_(geo))和潜在生态指数(RI)评价表明,研究区沉积物中Cd属于中等污染程度和中等生态风险,Cd对RI贡献率为35%,重金属生物毒性不利影响评价值(mP EC-Q)范围为0.12~0.76,平均值0.30,表明研究区发生生物毒性不利影响的可能性为15%~29%,工业与生活混合区点位S2从污染程度、生态风险、生物毒性不利影响和主成分评价的污染及风险均最大,表现出多种重金属的协同污染,这与其周围污染排放特征一致,为该区域河流沉积物中重金属污染控制提供依据.     

开封市幼儿园土壤重金属生物活性及潜在生态风险

在开封市城区27个幼儿园采集土壤表层样品,采用Tessier法提取并用F-AAS法测定不同化学形态的Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu和Cr含量,在计算重金属迁移系数(MF)和生态风险指数(RI)的基础上,对重金属化学形态分布、迁移能力、生物活性和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,城区幼儿园土壤Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb和Ni的平均含...     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from different zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five different land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using the ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The highest metal concentration level was detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy traffic. While the lowest metal level was noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) ＞ Cu (73.34%) ＞ Mn (67.92%) ＞ Co (41.66%) ＞ Ni (30.36%) ＞ Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, traffic, and industry.     

西南典型“退耕还林”区土地利用/覆被变化对土壤中硒及重金属含量的影响

人类活动（土地利用）和环境变化（土地覆被变化）对土壤中硒和重金属含量分布具有重要影响.“退耕还林”生态工程的实施改变了土地利用/覆被,为研究土地利用/覆被变化对土壤中硒和重金属影响提供了理想的实验场所.在西南典型“退耕还林”区,采集了旱地、水田和林地（天然林地和次生林地）的91件表层土壤样品.测定和分析了土壤中硒、重金属、 pH和有机质等参数.结果表明：（1）研究区表土中ω（Se）(0.42×10^-6)、ω（As）(13.0×10^-6)和ω（Sb）(1.03×10^-6)均值显著高于渝西地区的土壤背景值;（2）人工次生林地表土中Se、 Cd、 Cr、 Ni、 Pb和Zn含量都显著高于旱地,表明“退耕还林”工程的实施可能会显著影响表土中硒和重金属富集;（3）土壤有机质（SOM）含量水平是控制表土中硒和重金属含量差异的重要因子.结果发现土地利用/覆被变化通过影响土壤pH和SOM间接深刻地影响土壤中硒和重金属迁移和富集.     

珠江口沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价

对珠江口表层沉积物中重金属的分布及富集状况进行了分析 ,并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其生态危害程度进行了评价。结果表明 :珠江口表层沉积物中Zn、Cr、Cu、Cd等重金属含量呈现由西北渐向东南递减的变化特点 ,而Pb、As、Hg等重金属元素的含量分布无明显规律 ;这些重金属中 ,以Hg的富集程度最高 ,其余元素的富集均较低。生态危害评价显示 ,除Hg属中等危害程度外 ,其余的重金属元素均属轻微危害程度 ;珠江口表层沉积物中主要重金属污染程度的顺序为Hg >Cd >Pb >Cu >As>Cr>Zn。