不同钝化剂对重金属污染土壤稳定化效应的研究

利用腐殖质、硫酸铵、石灰、过磷酸钙及其复配组合对污染土壤中的重金属进行快速钝化处理,根据稳定效率和钝化剂的钝化能力Cap值对钝化材料进行筛选,并采用BCR形态分级实验(European Communities Bureau of Referent,欧共体标准测量与检测局提取法)研究钝化前后土壤中重金属的形态变化.结果表明:1在单一钝化材料实验中,2%石灰稳定效果最好;在复配实验中,以2%腐殖质+2%石灰稳定效果最好,Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn稳定效率分别达98.49%、99.40%、95.86%、99.21%.2钝化能力Cap值顺序:石灰腐殖质+石灰硫酸铵+石灰磷肥硫酸铵+磷肥腐殖质+磷肥腐殖质硫酸铵.3BCR形态分级实验表明,腐殖质+石灰复合钝化剂对重金属的稳定化效应优于单一石灰处理.此外,当2%腐殖质先添加时Cd被活化,使Cd在随后加入的2%石灰处理下更容易转换为了稳定性较高的有机结合态和残渣态.     

基于MonteCarlo模拟的土壤重金属综合风险评价与案例分析

基于不确定性理论,将Monte Carlo模拟计算应用到土壤重金属风险评价中,构建了生态风险和健康风险的随机不确定模型,结合多元统计方法进行实例研究.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd、Co和Cr污染水平较高,主要富集在建矿时间较长的工业园区;综合单因子指数和综合风险因子指数评价显示土壤重金属主要为轻度污染(相应概率分别为53.2%和55.6%);手-口摄入是研究区土壤重金属暴露的主要途径,Cr为主要致癌因子;儿童承担的健康风险较高,其非致癌风险指数分别为成人的5.0倍(手-口摄入途径)和8.2倍(皮肤暴露途径),两种暴露途径下其致癌风险指数均高于USEPA推荐的安全水平.     

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Muscle with Relation to the Growth of Two Marine Fish Species

Heavy metal concentrations in muscle and their relation to thegrowth of two marine fish species,including tonguefish( Cynoglossus arel) and mullet( Mugil cephalus),were studied. The samples were collected in Bach Dang estuary andconcentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Co,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,and V) in muscle of the fisheswere determined. The result showed that the accumulated trend of heavy metal is different between fish species. The concentration of As,Zn,Mn,V,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in tonguefish were 73. 7 ± 30. 6,22. 82 ± 4.87,3. 44 ± 2. 13,1. 61 ± 0. 15,0. 71 ± 0. 13,0. 45 ± 0. 24,0. 03 ± 0. 02 and 0. 02 ± 0. 02 mg·g-1,respectively. Meanwhile the concentration of Zn,As,V,Mn,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in mullet were 83. 41 ±19. 68,9. 78 ± 1. 92,1. 36 ± 0. 54,1. 29 ± 0. 51,0. 65 ± 0. 12,0. 42 ± 0. 20,0. 06 ± 0. 03 and0. 03 ± 0. 01mg·g-1,respectively. Comparison of metal levels among thesespecies indicated that the concentrations of As and Mn in tonguefish were significantly higher than those in mullet,whereas Zn levels in mullet were found to be higher than that in tonguefish. There is no significant differences of Cd,Co,Cu,Pb and V levels in muscle between two species. Significant inversed relationshipsbetween concentration levels of metals and lengths of tonguefish were found for Mn,Cu and Zn,butnot for As,Cd,Pb,and V. There were no significant relationships between the heavy metal concentrations and the length of mullet. In general,decreasesof the heavy metal concentrations corresponded to the increases of fish body lengths,particularly for As,Co,Cu,Mn and V and the exception for Cd. Terefore reduced risks were associated with consuming biggermullet fish,and increased risks of As and Cd were associated with consuming bigger tonguefish in Bach Dang river mouth.     

Do environmental right-to-know laws affect markets? Capitalization of information in the toxic release inventory

This paper investigates how information contained in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) program, one of the largest environmental right-to-know programs, affects prices in the housing market. I use a strengthening of the reporting requirements for the chemical lead in 2001 as exogenous variation to test for housing price changes near existing firms who must now report. Using a difference-in-differences specification, I find that listing an existing firm in the Toxic Release Inventory lowers housing prices up to 11% within approximately 1 mile. The results suggest that housing market participants do capitalize into prices at least some information conveyed by the TRI program.     

黄河中下游干流沉积物中重金属的赋存形态及其生态风险

在黄河中下游干流采集6个表层沉积物样品,采用Han和Banin连续提取法提取并采用ICP-MS和ICP-OES测定不同化学形态的Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn含量,在计算重金属富集因子、迁移系数、次生相和原生相分布比值的基础上,对重金属赋存形态、迁移能力、生物活性、污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,黄河中下游干流表层沉积物中重金属元素含量沿河流向先增加后降低,高含量点位出现在汜水汇入黄河后,支流的输入对黄河重金属含量具有较为明显的贡献.形态分析研究表明,Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni等5种重金属残渣态在其不同形态中有绝对优势,Cd可浸取态占明显优势,Mn的残渣态与可浸取态所占比例相当.富集因子分析表明,黄河中下游表层沉积物中重金属可分为3类:Cu、Cr、Mn基本无富集,Pb、Ni、Zn轻度富集,Cd中度到极高度富集;迁移系数研究表明黄河中下游表层沉积物重金属迁移系数和生物活性顺序为MnCdZnNiPbCuCr.次生相原生相比值法表明Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn无污染,Pb在3点位轻度污染,其它点位无污染,Mn在1、3、6点位轻度污染,其它点位无污染.综合各种评价方法,Cd是黄河中下游沉积物中污染程度最高的重金属,具有潜在生态风险,应引起重视.     

Disruption of iron homeostasis and resultant health effects upon exposure to various environmental pollutants: A critical review

Environmental pollution has become one of the greatest problems in the world, and the concerns about environmental pollutants released by human activities from agriculture and industrial production have been continuously increasing. Although intense efforts have been made to understand the health effects of environmental pollutants, most studies have only focused on direct toxic effects and failed to simultaneously evaluate the long-term adaptive, compensatory and secondary impacts on health. Burgeoning evidence suggests that environmental pollutants may directly or indirectly give rise to disordered element homeostasis, such as for iron. It is crucially important to maintain concerted cellular and systemic iron metabolism. Otherwise, disordered iron metabolism would lead to cytotoxicity and increased risk for various diseases, including cancers. Thus, study on the effects of environmental pollutants upon iron homeostasis is urgently needed. In this review, we recapitulate the available findings on the direct or indirect impacts of environmental pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals and pesticides, on iron homeostasis and associated adverse health problems. In view of the unanswered questions, more efforts are warranted to investigate the disruptive effects of environmental pollutants on iron homeostasis and consequent toxicities.     

基于模糊专家系统的垃圾焚烧底灰重金属污染风险评价

垃圾焚烧处理技术可以实现城市生活垃圾减量化,但底灰中重金属的存在与迁移转化会形成持续的潜在风险。针对重金属Cu、Cr、Pb和Cr对环境的潜在风险进行分析,将模糊专家系统引入潜在生态风险指数法中。首先将重金属的富集系数作为输入,然后应用知识库和推理机制来实现重金属对环境危害快速、不确定信息的准确推理,最后对城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰中重金属对环境的潜在风险进行评价。实验结果验证,该方法能够更快速、准确地做出适当的决定,为底灰的安全处置和再利用提供理论基础。     

Particle size distribution and characteristics of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments from Beijing Olympic Park

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals in road-deposited sediments(RDSs) of parks are emitted into the terrestrial, atmospheric, and water environment, and have a severe impact on residents' and tourists' health. To identify the distribution and characteristic of heavy metals in RDS and to assess the road environmental quality in Chinese parks, samples were collected from Beijing Olympic Park in the present study. The results indicated that particles with small grain size(150 μm) were the dominant fraction. The length of dry period was one of the main factors affecting the particle size distribution, as indicated by the variation of size fraction with the increase of dry days. The amount of heavy metal(i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) content was the largest in particles with small size(150 μm) among all samples. Specifically, the percentage of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in these particles was 74.7%, 55.5%, 56.6% and 71.3%, respectively.Heavy metals adsorbed in sediments may mainly be contributed by road traffic emissions. The contamination levels of Pb and Cd were higher than Cu and Zn on the basis of the mean heavy metal contents. Specifically, the geoaccumulation index(I geo) decreased in the order:CdPbCuZn. This study analyzed the mobility of heavy metals in sediments using partial sequential extraction with the Tessier procedure. The results revealed that the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments, based on the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, decreased in the order: CdZn≈PbCu.     

一株高效产絮菌的筛选、絮凝条件优化及对重金属废水处理性能研究

从活性污泥、水体底泥、植物根系土壤和草莓种植土壤中筛选、分离、纯化,获得了高絮凝活性的菌株,并考察发酵液用量、助凝剂用量以及碳、氮源种类对絮凝活性的影响及菌株对实际重金属废水的絮凝作用。结果表明:以葡萄糖为碳源,酵母膏为氮源,菌体发酵液用量0.2 m L,助凝剂用量0.8 m L时,菌株QB1的絮凝性最高,可达到93%。其对多种重金属废水均具有较好的处理性能,对含铅废水的去除率最高可达99%以上。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染修复技术研究

土壤重金属污染的修复问题备受人们的关注,而在不同土地利用方式下受污染的土壤能够通过不同途径对人群健康构成威胁.国内外有关土壤重金属污染修复方法可分为生物修复、化学修复、物理修复以及联合修复,各修复方法适用范围差异较大.结合农业土壤、城市土壤以及矿区土壤中重金属的污染特征能够提出相应的更加合理的修复措施,最终为相关部门环境污染治理的决策提供理论依据.