基于改进贴近度法的水质监测点优化布设

贴近度法作为一种系统优化方法已被广泛应用于水质监测点优化中,然而此方法存在几方面的问题:一是仅考虑空间因素而未考虑时间因素对区域监测重要性的影响;二是用各指标监测数据平均值进行计算,从而导致聚类效果较差;三是未考虑指标权重对测点优化布设的影响。为此,将层次分析法与贴近度法相结合,提出了基于改进贴近度法的水质监测点优化布设方案。应用此方法对某引水明渠水质监测点进行优化布设,结果表明,改进方法有效提高了聚类效果,易于进行水质监测点的排序与分类。     

南渡江水质评价浅析

采用共源点灰色聚类法对南渡江海口水域 1 993年枯水期水质进行评价 ,结论为I类水质。与共斜率灰色聚类法进行比较 ,该法更简化 ,加权含义更确切。     

制苯装置职业病危害调查及关键控制点分析

通过识别和分析制苯生产装置的职业病危害因素,确定职业病危害的关键控制点,提出了防护措施对策,应重点加强作业人员接触有毒物质苯、硫化氢关键控制点的职业卫生管理。     

Mapping lightning/human-caused wildfires occurrence under ignition point location uncertainty

Fire managers need to study fire history in terms of occurrence in order to understand and model the spatial distribution of the causes of ignition. Fire atlases are useful open sources of information, recording each single fire event by means of its geographical position. In such cases the fire event is considered as point-based, rather than area-based data, completely losing its surface nature. Thus, an accurate method is needed to estimate continuous density surfaces from ignition points where location is affected by a certain degree of uncertainty. Recently, the fire scientific community has focused its attention on the kernel density interpolation technique in order to convert point-based data into continuous surface or surface-data. The kernel density technique needs a priori setting of smoothing parameters, such as the bandwidth size. Up to now, the bandwidth size was often based on subjective choices still needing expert knowledge, eventually supported by empirical decisions, thus leading to serious uncertainties. Nonetheless, a geostatistical model able to describe the point concentration and consequently the clustering degree is required. This paper tries to solve such issues by implementing the kernel density adaptive mode. Lightning/human-caused fires occurrence was investigated in the region of Aragón's autonomy over 19 years (1983–2001) using 3428 and 4195 ignition points respectively for the two causes of fire origin. An analytical calibration procedure was implemented to select the most reliable density surfaces to reduce under/over-density estimation, overcoming the current drawbacks to define it by visual inspection or personal interpretation. Besides, ignition point location uncertainty was investigated to check the sensitivity of the proposed model. The different concentration degree and the dissimilar spatial pattern of the two datasets, allow testing the proposed calibration methodology under several conditions. After having discovered the slight sensitivity of the model to the exact point position, the obtained density surfaces for the two causes were combined to discover hotspot areas and spatial patterns of the two causes. Evident differences in spatial location of the origin causes were noted and described. The general trend follows the geographical features and the human activity of the study areas. The proposed technique should be promising to support decision-making in wildfire prevention actions, because of the occurrence map can be used as a response variable in fire risk predicting models.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of traffic calming measures on vehicle speeds and pedestrian injury severity in Ghana

Objectives: Each year, pedestrian injuries constitute over 40% of all road casualty deaths and up to 60% of all urban road casualty deaths in Ghana. This is as a result of the overwhelming dependence on walking as a mode of transport in an environment where there are high vehicular speeds and inadequate pedestrian facilities. The objectives of this research were to establish the (1) impact of traffic calming measures on vehicle speeds and (2) association between traffic calming measures and pedestrian injury severity in built-up areas in Ghana.

Method: Vehicle speeds were unobtrusively measured in 38 selected settlements, including 19 with traffic calming schemes and 19 without. The study design used in this research was a matched case–control. A regression analysis compared case and control casualties using a conditional logistic regression.

Results: Generally, the mean vehicle speeds and the proportion of vehicles exceeding the 50?km/h speed limit were significantly lower in settlements that have traffic calming measures compared to towns without any traffic calming measures. Additionally, the proportion of motorists who exceeded the speed limit was 30% or less in settlements that have traffic calming devices and the proportion who exceeded the speed limit was 60% or more in towns without any traffic calming measures. The odds of pedestrian fatality was significantly higher in settlements that have no traffic calming devices compared to those that have (odds ratio [OR]?=?1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–4.43). The protective effects of a traffic calming scheme that has a speed table was notably higher than those where there were no speed tables.

Conclusion: It was clearly evident that traffic calming devices reduce vehicular speeds and, thus, the incidence and severity of pedestrian injuries in built-up areas in Ghana. However, the fact that they are deployed on arterial roads is increasingly becoming a road safety concern. Given the emerging safety challenges associated with speed calming measures, we recommend that their use be restricted to residential streets but not on arterial roads. Long-term solutions for improving pedestrian safety proposed herein include bypassing settlements along the highways to reduce pedestrians’ exposure to traffic collisions and adopting a modern way of enforcement such as evidence-based laser monitoring in conjunction with a punishment regime that utilizes the demerit points system.     

长株潭城市群核心区重大危险源安全规划研究

笔者结合《长株潭城市群区域规划》,从城市的安全功能区划、重大危险源辨识、重大危险源安全规划对象、风险评价、风险控制等5个方面,初步探讨该市重大危险源安全规划的一般方法和技术要点,初步提出长株潭核心区重大危险源安全规划的编制程序的构想:①重大事故的统计分析和基础资料调查;②确定重大危险源和区域性重大事故风险评价;③确定安全功能区划,提出各类规划对象可接受的风险标准;④确定整治规划方案及实施措施。     

上海国际航运中心建设目标和战略举措研究

国际航运中心是指以国际航运、国际贸易、国际金融为主要依托的港口城市,也是国际贸易、全球生产分工、商品流通和资源分配的枢纽。从２１世纪中国经济发展的需要、上海实现“一个龙头、三个中心”的实际要求以及国际航运市场的竞争态势出发,上海必须在２１世纪初建设成为国际航运中心。     

甲醛缓冲溶液吸收-盐酸副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法测定大气中二氧化硫要注意的问题

对甲醛缓冲溶液吸收-盐酸副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法测定大气中二氧化硫的过程中应注意的问题进行了归纳总结,以提高测定结果的准确性。     

小波奇异性在地震信号去噪中的应用

论文介绍了地震信号的去噪过程中,利用小波良好的时频局部化能力和多分辨率分析能力,对信号进行变换,利用变换后的幅值极大点检测出信号的奇异点(突变点,包含了震相和噪声),继而利用在不同的变换尺度下,震相信号和噪声模极大值的变化特征的不同来去除噪声.利用我台的地震信号进行验证,该方法去噪后震相更清晰,震相的标注信度更高.     

输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收相关要点分析

通过输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收工作的实践,从输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收的基本概念和相关法律、法规出发,分析了输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收工作的要点,包括敏感目标调查、生态环境影响评价与监测、声环境评价重点、公众参与等,在此基础上论述了两者之间的相互关系,最后针对输变电环境影响评价及竣工环保验收工作更加科学化提出了建议。