广州白云山次生常绿阔叶林的群落结构动态

根据对广州白云山次生常绿阔叶林群落相隔６ａ的两次植被调查，分析了广州白云山次生常绿阔叶林在保护条件下，自然演变过程中的群落结构动态．群落的垂直结构变化主要以大量幼树进入第一层成树为特点；水平结构则以密度和盖度的增长为特点．在种类组成方面，６ａ前群落中居多的阳性树种现已逐渐为耐阴性较强的种类所代替．在组织结构水平上，乔木层的物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指标趋于增加，而生态优势度指标趋于降低，反映了群落向着组成结构复杂、物种多样性增高的方面演变，且前期变化速度较快，后期较慢并趋于稳定．     

紫色森林土壤发育特点的研究

本文通过对赤水紫色森林土壤发育特点的研究，总结出划分紫色森林土壤剖面的方法，解决了紫色森林土壤剖面划分不清楚，研究人员之间各自划分的结果不能对比的问题，为进一步研究紫色森林土壤打下了基础。     

中国森林资源的过去、现在与未来发展趋势

中国是少林国家。在20世纪70年代中期进行“四五”清查以前,中国只掌握一些局部性的调查数据。在1978—1981年间又进行了以省为总体的宏观抽样调查,即“五五”清查。两次清查结果很接近,但都表明中国森林太少,远低于世界平均水平和有代表性的国家。 古代中国的林区远比现在为大。森林面积则比现在大若干倍。中国缺林少材的现状是几千年来农业社会发展进程中火烧、滥伐、滥垦、滥牧的结果。其中,置森林于万劫不复的是滥垦和滥牧。这一过程至今尚未停止。 根据中国的自然条件和宜林地资源的状况,有条件大幅度扩大森林面积和增加森林蓄积量。经过努力,森林面积可达到2.53×10⁸ha,蓄积量可达到210×10⁸m³以上。都是现在的2倍多。但对保护生态环境和向国民经济提供木材和林产品来说,仍然不能完全满足需要。     

第三系红层下石林的岩溶动力学特征

区域地球化学表明 ,第三系泉水及直接被第三系覆盖的灰岩泉水的SIC在雨季小于 0 ,在旱季大于 0。在祭白龙洞 ,地表被第三系覆盖洞段滴水的暂时硬度比地表无此覆盖层的滴水小 1 .6～ 3mmol/L ,pH值也较低。第三系盖层中空气CO2 浓度为 1 0 0 0 0～ 1 4 0 0 0mg/m3,随深度下降。第三系的裂隙最大渗透张量为 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5m/d,高于石灰岩。野外溶蚀试验结果 ,第三系盖层中石灰岩的溶蚀速率为 1 .5mg/ 1 0 0d,且垂直溶蚀速率与水平溶蚀速率相当。上述特征表明 ,较高的裂隙渗透张量及随裂隙下渗的富侵蚀性的水是石芽、石林发育的两个重要因素。这也是为什么发育好的石林常常伴随残留的小面积第三系出现的原因     

种子大小在森林更新过程中的生态学意义

就种子大小与个体发育、种群动态和群落组成、结构与动态的相互关系进行综述,着重阐述了不同大小的种子在个体发育过程中的生态学意义。     

What Matters Most: Are Future Stream Temperatures More Sensitive to Changing Air Temperatures,Discharge, or Riparian Vegetation?

Simulations of stream temperatures showed a wide range of future thermal regimes under a warming climate — from 2.9°C warmer to 7.6°C cooler than current conditions — depending primarily on shade from riparian vegetation. We used the stream temperature model, Heat Source, to analyze a 37‐km study segment of the upper Middle Fork John Day River, located in northeast Oregon, USA. We developed alternative future scenarios based on downscaled projections from climate change models and the composition and structure of native riparian forests. We examined 36 scenarios combining future changes in air temperature (ΔT_air = 0°C, +2°C, and +4°C), stream discharge (ΔQ = ?30%, 0%, and +30%), and riparian vegetation (post‐wildfire with 7% shade, current vegetation with 19% shade, a young‐open forest with 34% shade, and a mature riparian forest with 79% effective shade). Shade from riparian vegetation had the largest influence on stream temperatures, changing the seven‐day average daily maximum temperature (7DADM) from +1°C to ?7°C. In comparison, the 7DADM increased by 1.4°C with a 4°C increase in air temperature and by 0.7°C with a 30% change in discharge. Many streams throughout the interior western United States have been altered in ways that have substantially reduced shade. The effect of restoring shade could result in future stream temperatures that are colder than today, even under a warmer climate with substantially lower late‐summer streamflow.     

Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI): A Model for Evaluating Unpaved Road Erosion and Stream Sediment Delivery

The Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI) is a new geographic information system–based model to assess erosion and delivery of water and sediment from unpaved road networks to streams. READI quantifies the effectiveness of existing road surfacing and drain placements in reducing road sediment delivery and guides upgrades to optimize future reductions. Roads are draped on a digital elevation model and parsed into hydrologically distinct segments. Segments are further divided by engineered drainage structures. For each segment, a kinematic wave approximation generates runoff hydrographs for specified storms, with discharge directly to streams at road–stream crossings and onto overland‐flow plumes at other discharge points. Plumes are attenuated by soil infiltration, which limits their length, with delivery occurring if plumes intersect streams. Sediment production and sediment delivery can be calculated as a relative dimensionless index. READI predicts only a small proportion of new drains and new surfacing results in the majority of sediment delivery reductions. The model illustrates how the spatial relationships between road and stream networks, controlled by topography and network geometries, influence patterns of road–stream connectivity. READI was applied in seven northern California basins. The model was also applied in a recent burn area to examine how reduced hillslope infiltration can result in increased hydrologic connectivity and sediment delivery.     

采伐与人工更新对红壤丘陵区森林面积和地上生物量的影响模拟——以会同县磨哨林场为例

我国人工林生态系统正面临着结构退化、功能降低等问题,迫切需要通过合理的森林管理方案实施有效的管理措施加以改善。本文以湖南省会同县磨哨林场为研究区,应用生态系统过程模型PnET-II和森林景观模型LANDIS-II,采用情景模拟的方式研究未来100年低、中、高强度的采伐措施以及人工更新对森林面积和地上生物量的影响。结果表明：（1）随着采伐强度增加,人工针叶林面积持续减少、森林AGB下降幅度加大;（2）人工更新措施能够使人工针叶林面积保持稳定,促进其AGB积累,有利于人工林更新与生长;（3）对人工林采取中等强度采伐且实施伐后人工更新的管理方案有利于我国南方以杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）为主要树种的人工林地区实现森林可持续经营。     

贵州茂兰喀斯特森林不同演替下土壤真核微生物多样性

真核微生物是茂兰喀斯特森林土壤微生物中的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中扮演着重要角色.为了解茂兰喀斯特森林不同演替阶段下土壤真核微生物群落组成及其多样性,利用18S rDNA高通量测序技术研究了原生林(YSL)、灌木林(GML)、灌木丛(GMC)和草地(CD)这4种演替阶段下土壤真核微生物群落多样性.结果表明,在不同分类水平下,不同演替阶段土壤真核微生物群落组成相似.α多样性指数存在显著差异, Shannon指数与Simpson指数在不同演替阶段表现为:YSLGMCGMLCD. NMDS分析表明不同演替阶段土壤真核微生物群落结构存在差异; LEfSe分析表明,YSL中差异指示种数量高于GML、GML和CD.本研究结果为研究不同演替阶段下土壤真核微生物提供了理论基础.     

林冠特征对城市森林斑块消减空气PM2.5质量浓度的影响

研究城市森林斑块消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,以及这种能力的主要影响因素,对改善城市空气环境具有重要的意义.本研究测定了南昌市典型城市森林斑块消减PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力(PM_(2.5)AC),并分析了PM_(2.5)AC对城市森林斑块林分组成、冠层特征的响应.研究表明:南昌市城市森林斑块具有显著消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,其中针叶林斑块PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到9.15%,阔叶纯林最低3.82%;整体上春季PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到7.34%,冬季最低3.76%.城市森林斑块PM_(2.5)AC与林冠特征中的LAI(叶面积指数)显著正相关,与DIFN(天空开度)显著负相关,与斑块特征中的斑块面积、林分结构、斑块总叶面积显著正相关.通过综合分析,城市森林斑块总叶面积是主导PM_(2.5)AC的主要影响因素.