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541.
本文概述了环境保护与森林生态可持续发展的含义与森林旅游资源的特点,阐明了实现森林旅游生态可持续发展的必要性,及实现森林旅游生态持续的途径。 相似文献
542.
森林火灾系统是一个自组织临界性系统,它的表现之一就是火灾的尺度分布满足幂律规律。然而实际数据分析表明,在尺度最大和最小的两个区域,火灾分布与幂律规律存在较大的差异。对小尺度火灾的偏离现象,研究者通常猜测是由于小面积火灾记录数据遗漏较多造成的,目前尚没有一个理论上的依据,而小尺度火灾的分布规律对大尺度火灾的预测起看关键作用。为了解释这种偏离现象,该文将火灾看作一个生灭过程,并对火灾蔓延和熄灭的机理进行了分析,最终得到了森林火灾分布与火灾尺度的定量依赖关系及其机理。将该文的结果与日本近年来全国范围内的森林火灾统计数据进行了对比,表明该文得到的结果与真实数据得到较好符合,并且成功解释了小尺度森林火灾分布与幂律关系的偏离现象。该研究可望对深入认识火灾系统的自组织临界性和防治火灾具有一定的实际意义。 相似文献
543.
森林采运作业是一种高危险作业,有效减少作业过程中的生产事故和作业人员个体伤害是企业安全管理工作的核心,本文运用系统工程学原理和人类工效学方法全面系统的分析了森林采运作业生产事故和作业人员个体伤害的致因,提出了减少采运作业生产事故和作业者个体伤害的对策。为采运企业安全生产管理提供了科学的决策依据。 相似文献
544.
Streamwater chemistry and flow dynamics along vegetation-soil gradient in a subalpine Abies fabri forest watershed, China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Streamwater chemistry and spatial flow dynamics from a subalpine Abies fabri forest in an experimental watershed located in the east slope of Gongga Mountain were analyzed to gain insights into the gradient effect of primary community succession on the stream biogeochemical process. Results showed that high sand content (exceeding 80%) and porosity in the soil(exceeding 20% in A horizon and 35% in B horizon), as well as a thick humus layer on the soil surface, made the water exchange quickly in the Huangbengliu (HBL) watershed. Consequently, no surface runoff was observed, and the stream discharge changed rapidly with the daily precipitation. The flow trends of base ions in the stream water were influenced by the Abies fabri succession gradient. Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2,- were the dominant anions in the streamwater in this region. A significant difference of Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2- concentration exported between the succession stages in the watershed can be found. But they had the similar temporal change in the stream flow. Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2- showed significantly negative correlations with the daily precipitation and the stream discharge. Concentrations of Cl^- , Na^ , K^ , and Mg^2 were low in all streamwaters monitored and we observed no differences along the Abies fabri succession gradient. Low ratios of Na. (Na Ca) (range from 0.1 to 0.2) implied cations were from bedrock weathering (internal source process in the soil system) in this region. But, a variance analysis showed there were almost no differences between rainwater and streamwaters for Mg^2 , Na^ , K^ , and Cl^- concentrations. This indicated that they might be come from rainfall inputs(external source). The highly mobile capacity, rapid water exchange between precipitation and discharge, and long-term export lead to this observed pattern were suggested. 相似文献
545.
土地利用变化会导致不同类型碳源和碳汇功能变化,是碳排放的关键来源.从土地利用变化的角度开展阿克苏河流域碳排放及其影响因素研究,对于促进流域山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护修复、助力碳达峰与碳中和目标实现具有重要意义.基于1990~2020年的4期土地利用数据与同期社会经济数据,测算土地利用碳排放总量,探究土地利用碳排放时空轨迹及其影响因素.结果表明:①1990~2020年,耕地、林地、建设用地和未利用地整体呈增加趋势,草地和水域呈减少态势.土地利用类型空间变化特征主要表现为草地、未利用地转换为耕地;②1990~2020年流域净碳总排放量呈现持续上升趋势,累计增加了14.78×104 t,耕地面积增加是引起流域净碳排放量增长的关键因素;③流域土地利用碳排放量空间上呈中间高四周低的分布格局,净碳排放量显著变化区域主要分布在温宿县南部、阿克苏市、阿瓦提县及阿拉尔市;④人类活动对土地利用碳排放驱动作用最强且其影响由东部向西部逐渐增大,年均气温对土地利用碳排放影响贡献主要集中在阿克苏市东部和阿瓦提县北部,年均降雨量对温宿县北部和阿合奇县西部的抑制作用较强. 相似文献
546.
Jerzy Falandysz 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2018,53(8):546-560
Leccinum scabrum is an edible mushroom common in European regions in the northern hemisphere. Macro and trace mineral constituents such as Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, P, Rb, Sr and Zn were studied in L. scabrum and in the top soil collected from the same location underneath soil substratum. The “pseudo-total” and labile (extractable fraction of minerals) were measured to get insight into the levels, distribution between the morphological parts of fruiting bodies, potential for their bioconcentration by mushroom and evaluated for human exposure via consumption of the mushroom. The sampling sites include the Dar?lubska Wilderness, Trójmiejski Landscape Park, Sobieszewo Island, Wdzydze Landscape Park and outskirts of the K?trzyn town in Mazury from the norther part of Poland. Median values of K, Rb and P concentrations in dehydrated L. scabrum were for caps in range 27,000–44,000 mg kg?1, 90–320 mg kg?1 and 6,200–9,100 mg kg?1, and followed by Mg at 880–1,000 mg kg?1, Ca at 48–210 mg kg?1 and Al at 15–120 mg kg?1. The median concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in caps were in range 15–27 mg kg?1 db 38–140 mg kg?1, 5.3–27 mg kg?1 and 130–270 mg kg?1. For Ba and Sr, concentrations on the average were at ~1 mg kg?1, and almost equally distributed between the caps and stipes of the fruiting bodies. L. scabrum mushrooms were low in toxic Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb, for which the median values in dried caps from five locations were, respectively, in range 0.48–0.98 mg kg?1 (cap to stipe index, QC/S, was 2.5–4.1), 1.0–5.8 mg kg?1 (QC/S 2.9–3.8), 0.36–0.59 mg kg?1 (QC/S 1.6–2.7) and 0.20–0.91 mg kg?1 (QC/S 1.2–1.9). Substantial variations in the concentrations of the “pseudo-total” fraction (extracted by aqua regia) or labile fraction (extracted by 20% solution of nitric acid) of the elements determined in forest topsoils were noted between some of the locations examined. The elements K, P, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Na, Rb and Zn can be considered as those which were bioconcentrated by L. scabrum in fruiting bodies, while the rates of accumulation varied with the sampling location. 相似文献
547.
This study was conducted to determine the patterns and drivers of forest land cover changes in Bobiri and Oboyow Forest Reserves (BFR and OFR, respectively), Ghana. Landsat images were employed to determine forest land cover types and changes in 1990, 2000 and 2010 using supervised classification method. Factors that drive forest land cover changes in the forest reserves were determined using a semi-structured questionnaire and field observations. Generally, closed-canopy forest decreased by 49% in both forests over 20-year period resulting in a tremendous increase in open-canopy forest (BFR: 85%; OFR: 46%) and non-forest land cover types (BFR: 48–80% OFR: 127–350%). Factors such as logging manual illiteracy among timber operators, offences of authorised timber operators, ineffective community participation, harvesting schedule revision, chainsaw logging, illegal logging, bushfires, fuel gathering and weak penalty for offences were identified as contributing to rapid depletion of closed canopy forest cover in the forest reserves. 相似文献
548.
549.
中国台风灾害及其影响的研究 总被引:37,自引:7,他引:37
中国是世界上受热带气旋影响最严重的国家之一。本文对影响和登陆中国的热带气旋活动的特征、台风灾害特点及其形成规律作了分析,并讨论了台风灾害对中国社会和经济发展的影响。分析结果指出,影响中国的台风灾害具有发生频率高、突发性强、群发性显著、影响范围广、成灾强度大等特点,这类灾害主要由台风带来的狂风、暴雨、风暴潮及其引发的灾害链所造成。台风灾害不仅造成大批人员伤亡,而且对中国各个经济部门都有严重影响,它所 相似文献
550.
Insect outbreaks are a major disturbance factor in Canadian forests. If global warming occurs, the disturbance patterns caused by insects may change substantially, especially for those insects whose distributions depend largely on climate. In addition, the likelihood of wildfire often increases after insect attack, so the unpredictability of future insect disturbance patterns adds to the general uncertainty of fire regimes. The rates of processes fundamental to energy, nutrient, and biogeochemical cycling are also affected by insect disturbance, and through these effects, potential changes in disturbance patterns indirectly influence biodiversity. A process-level perspective is advanced to describe how the major insect outbreak system in Canadian forests, that of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]), might react to global warming. The resulting scenarios highlight the possible importance of natural selection, extreme weather, phenological relationships, complex feedbacks, historical conditions, and threshold behavior. That global warming already seems to be affecting the lifecycles of some insects points to the timeliness of this discussion. Some implications of this process-level perspective for managing the effects of global warming on biodiversity are discussed. The value of process-level understanding and high-resolution, long-term monitoring in attacking such problems is emphasized. It is argued that a species-level, preservationist approach may have unwanted side-effects, be cost-ineffective, and ecologically unsustainable. 相似文献