Assessing the Potential Impacts to Riparian Ecosystems Resulting from Hemlock Mortality in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) is spreading across forests in eastern North America, causing mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.). The loss of hemlock from riparian forests in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) may result in significant physical, chemical, and biological alterations to stream environments. To assess the influence of riparian hemlock stands on stream conditions and estimate possible impacts from hemlock loss in GSMNP, we paired hardwood- and hemlock-dominated streams to examine differences in water temperature, nitrate concentrations, pH, discharge, and available photosynthetic light. We used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify stream pairs that were similar in topography, geology, land use, and disturbance history in order to isolate forest type as a variable. Differences between hemlock- and hardwood-dominated streams could not be explained by dominant forest type alone as forest type yields no consistent signal on measured conditions of headwater streams in GSMNP. The variability in the results indicate that other landscape variables, such as the influence of understory Rhododendron species, may exert more control on stream conditions than canopy composition. The results of this study suggest that the replacement of hemlock overstory with hardwood species will have minimal impact on long-term stream conditions, however disturbance during the transition is likely to have significant impacts. Management of riparian forests undergoing hemlock decline should, therefore, focus on facilitating a faster transition to hardwood-dominated stands to minimize long-term effects on water quality.     

加拿大一枝黄花提取物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用

研究加拿大一枝黄花提取物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果,采用两种不同的有机溶剂(水、乙酸乙酯)及水蒸气蒸馏法(挥发油成分)提取加拿大一枝黄花中的抑藻活性物质并进行抑藻试验研究。结果表明三种提取物对铜绿微囊藻均具有较强的抑制作用,在试验设定浓度下,水浸提物在30 g/L时具有最高抑藻率89.89%,乙酸乙酯提取物在浓度为8 g/L时即达到60.88%的抑藻率,而挥发油成分在浓度为10 g/L时有最高抑藻率45.11%。研究表明,加拿大一枝黄花具有抑藻效果,其中乙酸乙酯提取物抑制效果最好,具有应用于水体富营养化的治理和开发新型抑藻剂的潜力。     

Resolving Critical Habitat Designation Failures: Reconciling Law, Policy, and Biology

Abstract:  The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires designation of critical habitat concurrent with species listing. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service often has not designated critical habitat, based on the legal exceptions in the ESA of "not prudent" or "not determinable." This lack of habitat designation has led to numerous lawsuits and court orders to designate critical habitat for listed species. Court-mediated implementation of critical habitat is costly and delays listing for at-risk species. Legal, policy, judicial, and biological issues all contribute to the current inability of the law as enforced to lead to timely and cost-effective critical habitat designation. Although increased appropriations and delaying critical habitat designation until recovery planning have been proposed as solutions, we find that it will be essential to change the critical-habitat guidelines to a decision-analysis framework to make critical habitat scientifically and legally workable as a conservation tool.     

加拿大一枝黄花有性生殖特征研究

加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis L.是分布于我国的危害性最为严重的入侵种之一,它既可以通过有性生殖又可以通过无性生殖进行繁殖.对加拿大一枝黄花有性生殖的相关特征,如花序和小花的生物学特性、结实率和传粉方式等进行了研究.结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花的性系统为雌全性系统,每花序总花数为(15.16±1.67)个,缘花/盘花值为3.07±0.64.对成熟果实透明后进行的结实率统计表明,其结实率较低.套纱布网袋后的结实率极显著低于开放性授粉的,表明其花序是需要昆虫传粉的类型.加拿大一枝黄花的花序结构特征和开放式样显示出有利于增加异交的特点.尽管其结实率相对较低,但整个植株结实量大,仍需要防止其通过有性生殖产生的种子进行远距离的扩散和在新分布地区建立种群. 花有性生殖的相关特征,如花序和小花的生物学特性、结实率和传粉方式等进行了研究.结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花的性系统为雌全性系统,每花序总花数为(15.16±1.67)个,缘花/盘花值为3.07±0.64.对成熟果实透明后进行的结实率统计表明,其结实率较低.套纱布网袋后的结实率极显著低于开放性授粉的,表明其花序是需要昆虫传粉的类型.加拿大一枝黄花的花序结 特征和开放式样显示出有利于增加异交的特点.尽管其结实率相对较低,但整个植株结实量大,仍需要防止其通过有性生殖产生的种子进行远距离的扩散和在新分布地区建立种群. 花有性生殖的相关特征,如花序和小花的生物学     

黄花和脱水污泥厌氧消化的温室气体减排研究

采用联合国政府间气候委员会(IPCC)推荐的方法,对植物加拿大一枝黄花和污泥生物质厌氧消化产沼气的环境和能量影响进行了评估.环境影响评估重点关注温室气体(GHG)减排,将加拿大一枝黄花和脱水污泥的中温小试厌氧消化的甲烷产率数据运用于GHG减排潜质的计算;能量评估包括污泥贮存及传播、消化液的沼气逃逸,及化学肥料和化学药剂的投加几个过程中的直接和间接的能量输入.结果表明,一枝黄花和脱水污泥联合厌氧消化净GHG排放量随着SRT的缩短和黄花添加比例的增加而逐渐下降,在二者以挥发性固体(VS)比例1:1混合,停留时间为20d时的能量效率较高,GHG减排量较大,与基础方案相比,添加黄花可以实现78%的净GHG减排.     

微波活化制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附

以入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为原料,在400℃氮气保护下,直接碳化90 min后,以KOH为活化剂,微波活化的方法制备了高比表面积微孔活性炭SCAC。结果显示活性炭SCAC的表面面积为1 888 m2/g,总孔容量为0.804 cm3/g,微孔容量为0.741 cm3/g,平均孔径0.567 nm,微孔平均孔径0.488 nm。通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭添加量、溶液初始浓度、初始pH及吸附时间对SCAC吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响,通过动力学方程拟合探讨了活性炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理。结果表明,吸附平衡时间、最佳pH及活性炭添加量分别为120 min、pH>7.5及0.05 g/50 mL,活性炭SCAC吸附动力学过程符合准二级方程模型。     

"长苞铁杉和铁杉属数量分类的研究"之评注

邹惠渝和张凤春两位先生所撰写的"长苞铁杉和铁杉属数量分类的研究"一文(见<南京林业大学学报>,1996,20(1)43～47),至少存在以下3个问题值得商榷一是取材欠完整,二是聚类方法单一,三是结合线计算错误.据本文重新核算,<邹文>的结论有误.     

不同生长期加拿大蓬挥发油对蚕豆保卫细胞的毒性效应

为探讨入侵植物加拿大蓬(Erigeron canadensis L.)的化感作用机制,以蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)叶下表皮为材料,研究了营养期和生殖期加拿大蓬挥发油各1μL、2μL、3μL、4μL、5μL分别处理保卫细胞10 min、20 min、30 min后产生的毒性效应。结果表明:挥发油处理后保卫细胞大量死亡,核形态发生较大改变;细胞死亡率和核异常率显著上升(p0.05),与处理剂量和时间呈正相关(p0.01);营养期挥发油处理后细胞的死亡率和核异常率总体高于生殖期;加入泛Caspase抑制剂后,细胞死亡率显著降低(p0.05)。研究表明,加拿大蓬挥发油引起的保卫细胞死亡为Caspase依赖性的细胞凋亡,营养期挥发油的化感胁迫效应比生殖期更强。结合GC-MS分析可见,不同生长期加拿大蓬挥发油毒性的差异可能与其化感物质的组成和含量差异有关。     

Cu、Cd污染背景下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应

在重金属污染加重及多样化的背景下,入侵植物对本地植物种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应可能发生改变甚至增强。因此,本文探究了Cu和Cd单污染及其复合污染下入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对其本地近缘种莴苣种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应。结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液处理及3种重金属污染类型和加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液复合处理均显著降低莴苣种子发芽指数,表明重金属和加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液均对莴苣的种子萌发和生长产生明显生态毒理效应。Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣幼苗株高产生的生态毒理效应显著大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应,而在Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣幼苗发芽速度指数产生的生态毒理效应也大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应(未达到显著水平)。这表明在Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣种子萌发产生的生态毒理效应大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应,即Cu和Cd复合污染可能对加拿大一枝黄花对本地植物种子萌发和生长产生的生态毒理效应具有一定的叠加效应。     

Anal gland secretion codes for family membership in the beaver

We investigated how information about family membership is coded by the individually specific anal gland secretion (AGS) in the beaver, Castor canadensis. Because beavers live in strict family units and relatives share more features in the AGS profile than non-relatives, family members share more AGS features than non-family members. Therefore, family recognition seems to be a natural consequence of the more specific kin recognition. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed two possibilities in coding for family membership using the multi-component AGS: either two (female) to three (male) AGS compounds or many compounds were used, but we were not able to determine which possibility is more likely. Compounds were not equally important in coding family membership information, and the interactions among compounds were complex. We attempted to reconstruct a lineage tree for the relationship among different families using two–three or many compounds. We found there was no significant difference for trees constructed by using few or many compounds in either males or females. However, the trees derived from male compounds and female compounds lacked good congruence. Received: 10 December 1998 / Accepted after revision: 13 July 1998