Influence of pH on the sonolysis of ciprofloxacin: Biodegradability, ecotoxicity and antibiotic activity of its degradation products

The presence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment has raised concerns due to the potential risk for the emergence or persistence of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are often poorly degraded in conventional wastewater treatment plants. In this study, sonolysis at 520 kHz and 92 W L⁻¹ was used for the degradation of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin. In a first experiment at pH 7, 57% of the ciprofloxacin (15 mg L⁻¹) was degraded after 120 min of ultrasonic irradiation at 25 °C. pH proved to be an important parameter determining the degradation rate, since the pseudo first order degradation constant increased almost fourfold when comparing treatment at pH 7 (0.0058 min⁻¹) and pH 10 (0.0069 min⁻¹) with that at pH 3 (0.021 min⁻¹). This effect can be attributed to the degree of protonation of the ciprofloxacin molecule. The BOD/COD ratio of the solutions, which is a measure for their biodegradability, increased from 0.06 to 0.60, 0.17, and 0.18 after 120 min of irradiation depending on the pH (3, 7, and 10, respectively). The solution treated at pH 3 can even be considered readily biodegradable (BOD/COD > 0.4). The antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli (G−) and Bacillus coagulans (G+) of the treated solutions also reduced after sonolysis. The highest decrease was again found when irradiated at pH 3. In contrast, ecotoxicity of the solutions to the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata increased 3- to 10-fold after 20 min of treatment, suggesting the formation of toxic degradation products. The toxicity slowly diminished during further treatment.     

厚壁管变形横波周向超声检测工艺及缺陷定位系统开发

在理论研究的基础上,利用试块对厚壁管变型横波与折射横波检测灵敏度进行了比较,证实了变型横波在厚壁管件中的检测灵敏度高于折射横波;设计开发计算软件,实现缺陷进行自动定位,大大提高现场检测效率和定位精度。     

输水隧道在行波激励下的三维地震反应分析

随着大规模调水工程的建设,穿越软土地区的浅埋输水隧道的抗震性能的重要性愈加突出,这就涉及到地震动的输入问题。而对于空间尺度很大的大型输水隧道,地震动输入的空间变化特性即多点输入对输水隧道的地震响应产生重要的影响。所以在考虑了衬砌-水体-围岩的相互作用的同时,还考虑了地震波有限波速传播所引起的行波效应及不同地震动激励方向对三维输水隧道的地震动的影响。结果表明:与地震动一致输入相比,行波效应将对输水隧道的地震响应产生不利的影响。     

A novel co-catalyzed system between persulfate and chlorite by sonolysis for removing triphenylmethane derivative

Triphenylmethane (tpm) derivatives (e.g. tpm_CV) have threatened the safety of the aquatic environment due to the potential toxicity and carcinogenicity. In this study, the novel ultrasonic/persulfate/chlorite (US/S₂O₈²⁻/ClO₂⁻) oxidation process was developed for the effective removal of tpm_CV in wastewater. The apparent non-integer kinetics (n around 1.20) of tpm_CV degradation under different factors (R²_Adj > 0.990) were investigated, respectively. Inhibiting effects of anions were greater than those of cations (except Fe(II/III)). The adding of micromolecule organic acids could regulate degradation towards positive direction. The double response surface methodology (RSM) was designed to optimize tpm_CV removal process, and the acoustic-piezoelectric interaction was simulated to determine the propagation process of acoustic wave in the reactor. The possible degradation pathway was explored to mainly include carbonylation, carboxylation, and demethylation. The estimated effective-mean temperature at the bubble-water interface was calculated from 721 to 566 K after introducing the ClO₂⁻, however, the adsorption or partitioning capacity of tpm_CV in the reactive zone was widened from 0.0218 to 0.0982. The proposed co-catalysis of US/S₂O₈²⁻/ClO₂⁻ was based on the determined active species mainly including ClO₂, SO₄⋅⁻, and ⋅OH. Compared with other US-based processes, the operating cost (3.97 $/m³) of US/S₂O₈²⁻/ClO₂⁻ with the EE/O value (16.8 kWh/m³) was relatively reduced.     

极谱催化波法测定痕量亚硝酸根的研究

在含稀硫氰酸盐的底液中 ,在单扫示波极谱仪上 ,有一灵敏的亚硝酸根催化波。峰电位为 -0 .47V( vs·SCE)。阳极化二阶导数峰高与亚硝酸根浓度在 1× 10 - 7～ 5× 10 - 5mol/L 之间成线性关系。检测限达 5× 10 - 5mol/L( 2 .3ppbNO - 2 )。试验了多种共存离子对测定的影响 ,表明该法具有较好的选择性 ,尤其是大量硝酸根不干扰。应用该法测定了许多样品中的亚硝酸根 ,并对该波的机理进行了研究 ,结果证明该波是 [SCN· NO]催化溶液中的溶解氧还原所致     

超声解吸-气相色谱法同时测定环境空气中乙腈和丙烯腈

采用大容量活性炭管吸附环境空气,丙酮-二硫化碳混合溶液（体积比为1∶1）超声解吸目标物,用气相色谱法（带FID检测器）同时测定样品中乙腈和丙烯腈。通过优化试验条件,使方法在1.00 mg/L~50.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,乙腈和丙烯腈的方法检出限均为0.003 mg/m3。低、中、高3个质量浓度水平的模拟环境样品6次测定结果的RSD为3.4%~7.0%,加标回收率为86.8%~102%。用该方法在北京某石化公司厂界布设采样点测定,结果为未检出。     

人为热对广州高温天气影响的数值模拟个例分析

基于广州市2009, 2000和1990年工业、交通、生活能源统计数据,通过能源清单法估算出广州市对应年份的人为热排放量,再通过在WRF模式中引入2009, 2000和1990年的下垫面数据和人为热排放方案,对2005, 2012和2017年广州市的3次持续高温过程进行模拟,从而评估不同年代人为热排放水平对广州市极端高温天气的影响.结果表明,模拟的2m气温较为准确,能合理模拟出城市地区的热岛效应,但对极端高温的模拟略有偏低,而引入人为热有助于改善模拟结果.在case2012中, 2009, 2000和1990年3种人为热排放水平使广州城市下垫面的平均气温分别上升0.53, 0.44和0.13℃,热岛强度增强0.43, 0.38和0.13℃. 3个模拟个例的结果均表明,日间的人为热排放比夜间大,但夜间气温及热岛强度的变化比日间要明显.     

太赫兹波斜入射均匀非磁化等离子中传输特性研究

目的 研究太赫兹波斜入射均匀非磁化等离子体中的传输特性。方法 根据分层介质中的电磁波传播理论,给出了等离子中太赫兹波的功率反射和透射系数,分析了太赫兹波频率、入射角、等离子体的碰撞频率和电子密度对太赫兹波传输特性的影响。结果 垂直入射时,模型结果与已有文献结果一致;斜入射时,入射角度增大,反射系数增大,透射系数变小。太赫兹波频率增大,反射系数减小,透射系数起初快速增大,而后变得平缓。等离子体的电子密度增大,透射系数减小,碰撞吸收增大,太赫兹波衰减增大。结论 入射角变大,反射率增大。太赫兹波频率较低时,入射角对透射率影响明显。     

超声-紫外光协同催化体系降解水中菲

以纳米TiO_2为催化剂,采用超声-紫外光协同催化体系降解水中菲,并考察了菲降解率的影响因素。实验结果表明:不同类型TiO_2对菲降解率的大小顺序为锐钛矿型TiO_2P25型TiO_2金红石型TiO_2;超声-紫外光协同催化体系对菲的降解率大于单独超声体系或紫外光催化体系,且均遵从一级反应动力学规律;在超声频率为60k Hz、声强为0.233 W/cm2、TiO_2投加量为0.06 g/L、pH为4.0、H_2O_2浓度为19.59 mmol/L的条件下降解75 min后,超声-紫外光协同催化体系对初始质量浓度为0.96 mg/L的菲的降解率可达76.78%。     

Ultrasound-assistant preparation of Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

The influence of the various preparation methods of Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts on the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ under excess oxygen was studied. Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts were prepared by using four techniques: conventional impregnation (IM), ultrasound-enhanced impregnation (UIM), conventional deposition precipitation (DP) using NaOH and homogeneous deposition precipitation (HDP) using urea. These catalysts were characterized in detail by various techniques such as N₂-sorption, XRD, TEM, H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD and XPS to understand the catalyst structure, the nature and the dispersed state of the copper species, and the acid sites for NH₃ adsorption. All of the nanocatalysts showed high activities for NO removal. However, the activities were different and followed the sequence of Cu-SAPO-34 (UIM) > Cu-SAPO-34 (HDP) > Cu-SAPO-34 (IM) > Cu-SAPO-34 (DP). Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the NO conversion on Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts was mainly related to the high reducibility of the isolated Cu^2 + ions and CuO species, the number of the acid sites and the dispersion of CuO species on SAPO-34.