长江上游干旱灾害分析及防灾减灾措施

分析了长江上游历年干旱灾害发生的频率、危害程度和演变趋势。长江上游受太平洋高压和地形的影响，造成四川盆地西部和黔西北的春旱、盆东伏旱，盆中黔东北旱伏连旱，以及金沙江与大渡河的干热旱型。干旱的危害程度既受天气背景的影响，又与人类活动方式密切相关，异常的天气过程只有在人口密集，生产发达的地区才能形成显著的灾害，从近三百年的水文气象条件看，洪水发生略有加强，而干旱则略有减弱。但是近代工农业高速发展，人口     

Streamflow Response to Climate as Influenced by Geology and Elevation1

Mayer, Timothy D. and Seth W. Naman, 2011. Streamflow Response to Climate as Influenced by Geology and Elevation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):724‐738. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00537.x Abstract: This study examines the regional streamflow response in 25 predominately unregulated basins to warmer winter temperatures and snowpack reductions over the last half century in the Klamath Basin of California and Oregon. Geologic controls of streamflow in the region result in two general stream types: surface‐dominated and groundwater‐dominated basins. Surface‐dominated basins were further differentiated into rain basins and snowmelt basins on the basis of elevation and timing of winter runoff. Streamflow characteristics and response to climate vary with stream type, as discussed in the study. Warmer winter temperatures and snowpack reductions have caused significantly earlier runoff peaks in both snowmelt and groundwater basins in the region. In the groundwater basins, the streamflow response to changes in snowpack is smoothed and delayed and the effects are extended longer in the summer. Our results indicate that absolute decreases in July‐September base flows are significantly greater, by an order of magnitude, in groundwater basins compared to surface‐dominated basins. The declines are important because groundwater basins sustain Upper Klamath Lake inflows and mainstem river flows during the typically dry summers of the area. Upper Klamath Lake April‐September net inflows have decreased an estimated 16% or 84 thousand acre‐feet (103.6 Mm³) since 1961, with the summer months showing proportionately more decline. These changes will exacerbate water supply problems for agriculture and natural resources in the region.     

Hot extrusion process modeling using a coupled upper bound-finite element method

A thermo-mechanical model has been developed for modeling of hot extrusion processes. Accordingly, an admissible velocity field was first proposed by means of stream function method and then, extrusion pressure as well as temperature variations within the metal and the die were predicted employing a combined upper bound and Petrov–Galerkin finite element analysis. In order to evaluate the model predictions, hot extrusion of AA6061-10%SiC_p was considered under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions and the predicted force–displacement diagrams under various extrusion conditions were compared with the experimental ones and reasonable consistency was found between the two sets of results.     

珠江源块泽河流域地表水水化学特征及控制因素

块泽河流域属于珠江源区典型的岩溶小流域,同时也是滇东重要的煤炭产区,生态环境脆弱.加强区内水环境研究,对支撑珠江源区生态环境综合治理和水资源科学管理具有重要作用.通过系统采集地表水、岩溶地下水和矿井水样品,运用数理统计分析、相关性分析、离子比值分析以及绝对因子分析-多元线性回归受体模型(APCS-MLR)等方法,对块泽河流域水化学演化特征及控制因素进行了研究.结果表明：块泽河流域地表水pH平均值为7.8,呈弱碱性.阳离子主要以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,呈现Ca²⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺的特征,阴离子主要以HCO^-₃和SO₄^2-为主,呈现HCO^-₃>SO₄^2->NO^-₃>Cl^-的特征.地...     

岷江上游生态环境问题及整治对策

岷江上游地区生态环境地位重要，但生态背景脆弱，已出现了诸如森林退缩，生态功能然弱，水土流失加剧,草场退化等一系列生态环境问题，给本区的社会经济发展造成了不利影响，研究结果表明，科学开发与利用草地，坡耕地的坡改梯，聚落的重建与迁建以及剩余劳动力的转移等可选择的生态环境整治对策。