The implications of ecosystem dynamics for fisheries management: a case study of selected fisheries in the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad

It is accepted that if fisheries resources are to remain renewable and able to sustain livelihoods, appropriate management practices must be implemented. Even while fisheries management grapples to resolve single-species issues, the biological and economic interactions among species mandate that to be effective, management techniques must be based on more interactive and aggregate-level analyses. In order to implement these techniques, the actual links, and the potential impact of these links, among the fisheries must be established. Vector autoregression (VAR) analysis has the potential to play an increasingly important role in ecosystem modelling for fisheries management. This study uses VAR analysis to demonstrate the quantitative impact of certain ecosystem changes on the productivity of the carite, honey shrimp and croaker fisheries of the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, in the particular context of the ecosystem dynamics of trophic linkages, bycatch and multispecies fisheries. Four VAR models are constructed to investigate the extent to which these factors affect the production of the selected fisheries, and to evaluate the management implications of these linkages. The empirical analysis is further evidence that, if sustainable management of fishery resources is to be achieved, management practices based on more multi-species, ecosystem approaches must replace the traditional, single-species management techniques.     

基于VAR模型的水资源利用与经济增长动态关系研究

基于VAR模型,通过变量平稳性检验和协整分析,广义脉冲响应和预测方差分解分析,利用中国1980-2007年水资源利用和经济增长相关数据,对中国经济增长与水资源利用的长期均衡关系及其动态性进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:①经济增长与总用水量、工业用水量和生活用水量之间存在长期均衡关系,而农业用水与经济增长之间不存在长期均衡关系,这与研究期间中国处于工业化中期阶段的事实相吻合;②经济增长对水资源利用的冲击响应的滞后期短且是非渐进的,而水资源对经济增长产生显著影响的滞后期较长且是非渐进的,我国经济发展中工业用水、生活用水量增加趋势明显,农业用水量随着经济发展出现零增长和负增长;③经济增长对水资源利用的预测方差起着重要作用,而水资源利用对经济增长的预测方差的贡献度较小。建议加强工业用水和生活用水的节水措施,减少工业和生活用水量,实现水资源可持续利用。     

能源资源价格长期关系与短期动态调整研究：1985-2011年

为探讨国际市场上主要能源资源价格之间的长期均衡关系和动态调整规律,论文利用国际货币基金组织官方网站提供的自1985年到2011年的数据,建立向量自回归(VAR)和向量误差修正(VEC)模型,对当前四大主要能源资源煤、石油、天然气和铀的价格序列展开研究。结果表明:①4种主要能源资源价格之间存在稳定的长期均衡关系:铀价格每变化1%,将使煤和天然气的价格分别反向变动2.11%和7.10%,使石油的价格正向变动7.97%。②4种主要能源资源产品价格均会对自身新信息立即产生大幅度反应,但持续时间差异很大:铀在15个月内只有微弱降幅,而煤在6个月,石油在2个月后即开始迅速减弱,天然气则是直接进入下降趋势。③除天然气在长期内会受到石油价格的显著影响外,铀、煤和石油的价格波动主要由自身因素形成。④天然气的误差修正项具有显著的负向调节作用,价格偏离长期均衡关系时,能够很快得到纠正。煤、石油和铀的误差修正项系数很小,且石油和铀不具有任何显著性,说明石油和铀不具备短期动态调节能力。     

Selecting the Best Compatible SVC Type in Power Systems for transient Stability

Considering the increased trend to use renewable energy to meet electrical energy demands, a reliable performance also should be adopted in transmitting the generated power through the stable transmission and subtransmission systems for which nowadays Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers are used extensively. Transient stability is one of the most important issues in power system stability analysis. FACTS devices have confirmed their capabilities in various aspects in power networks. In this paper, to improve transient stability of power systems, a shunt connected FACTS devices have been introduced, i.e., Static VAR compensators (SVCs). The SVC has the most diversified branches among FACTS devices. The main aim of this work is to study and analyze the impact of eight branches of SVC on improvement of transient stability and to choose the best of them. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.     

中国资源型城市精明发展与环境质量的耦合关系及响应机制

以2003-2015年的中国资源型地级城市为研究对象,利用全局主成分分析、耦合协调模型和面板VAR模型对中国不同类型的资源型城市精明发展与环境质量的耦合关系及交互响应机制进行综合测度。研究发现：（1）资源型城市精明发展水平相对较低,各地区间差异有所减弱;环境质量亟待改善,各地区间差异在波动中有所增加。（2）二者间的耦合协调关系有待提升,耦合协调度由高到低排名依次为成长型、衰退型、再生型和成熟型。（3）不同类型资源型城市的精明发展与环境质量均有自我增强和惯性增长趋势。资源型城市精明发展对环境质量呈现先正后负的作用机制,成熟型资源城市精明发展提升对环境质量具有正向增强机制,而衰退型资源城市环境质量对精明发展、再生型资源城市精明发展对环境质量均呈现先负后正的交替作用机制。未来15期,成熟型和再生型资源城市精明发展将会促进环境质量提升。针对不同类型资源城市提出了差异化的对策与转型发展建议。     

二氧化碳排放与经济增长关系的实证分析

在全球范围内为应对气候变化而达成二氧化碳减排共识的背景下,探求“经济增长”与“二氧化碳排放”间相互关系.运用协整,向量自回归模型,脉冲响应函数以及格兰杰因果检验等方法,对处在经济发展不同阶段区域的人均二氧化碳排放量与经济增长间关系进行因果检验.研究结果表明：区域经济发展与人均二氧化碳排放量存在长期均衡关系,但是由于区域间经济发展水平及发展方式的不同,人均二氧化碳排放量与经济增长间相互影响程度存在差异,且二氧化碳排放量的减少并不是经济增长的必然结果,必须通过产业结构调整,扶持第三产业,使用清洁能源,发展低碳经济的方式来实现,本文对我国碳减排政策的制定具有一定借鉴意义.     

循环经济视角下原生和再生资源消费的动态分析

从循环经济视角出发,聚焦这种新经济模式下原生资源和再生资源的动态关系,以世界铅资源为实证对象,利用1974-2006年世界铅资源的相关时间序列数据组织样本,基于协整关系分析构建VAR模型,在VAR模型框架下研究原生铅产量和再生铅产量对来自不同冲击的脉冲响应函数和方差分解。研究结果表明:原生铅产量、再生铅产量与铅消费总量之间存在着一个协整关系。这意味着在当前经济系统中,对铅资源是刚性需求,没有有效替代品,其供给的途径只有原生铅和再生铅两种。另外,对于来自市场消费规模、原生和再生铅产量的变动冲击,再生铅所做出的响应比原生铅更富有弹性,这一结论可以很好的阐释为什么再生资源市场比原生资源市场波动大的现象。     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity,economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO2 emission sectors, China’s iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO2 emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO2 abatement,investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO2 emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO2 abatement in China’s iron and steel industry, while achieving CO2 emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth.This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth.Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO2 abatement.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity,economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

基于VAR模型的南京市经济增长与环境污染关系的实证研究

基于南京市1985年-2013年经济增长与环境污染的相关数据,建立经济增长与环境污染的VAR模型.在VAR模型估计的基础上,利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解对南京市经济增长与环境污染之间的双向作用机制进行分析.研究发现:南京市经济增长与环境污染之间存在双向作用机制,且环境对经济增长的反作用与经济增长对环境的影响相比要大;二氧化硫和工业固体废弃物为南京市经济增长过程中环境污染的主要表现形式,而烟尘为制约南京市经济增长的主要污染物.针对分析结果,提出优化产业结构配置,重科研引技术、提升自主创新,加大环保投入、完善环保法规等政策建议.