六盘山生态旅游区旅游步道对人类践踏干扰的响应研究

从生态系统响应和游客主观认知的双重视角,对六盘山旅游区旅游步道对人类旅游践踏干扰的响应进行了研究。结果表明:①自然状态下旅游践踏干扰主要集中在旅游步道边缘1~3m范围内,但不同生态系统差异较大。在调查的3个景区中,小南川景区乔灌草生态统主要集中在旅游步道1m左右;凉殿峡景区高山草甸生态系统集中在1~2m之间;野荷谷景区华北落叶松林下生态系统则达到3m左右;②采用地表覆盖物响应指数(Index of Land Cover Impact,ILCI)和游客可接受改变限度(Limits of Acceptable Change,LAC)来衡量受干扰旅游步道响应程度,在1m范围内各调查样区ILCI均达到4级或5级严重冲击程度;1~2m间以凉殿峡景区ILCI值较高(39%),介于1~2级之间,而小南川与野荷谷景区ILCI值属1级轻微影响;3m及以外三者影响基本较小。游客对游道沿线土壤裸露度可接受改变限度为55.7%,3个调查样区1m范围内植被覆盖减少率(CR)均超过此水平;③调查样区旅游步道响应强弱与游道坡度、边坡坡度以及游道宽度具有一定相关性;④地表覆盖物响应指数因与其它各响应变量间显著相关,可作为评估旅游干扰系统响应的一项简易而有效的指标。研究结果也表明,目前旅游践踏干扰已对游道沿线环境以及游客游憩体验产生了一定的负面影响。因此,改变目前景区开发无序状态,加强旅游步道规划设计和游客行为规范,建立长期环境监测系统,将对制定防治游憩冲击策略,促进六盘山生态旅游区可持续发展具有重要指导价值。     

生物炭覆盖对底泥污染物释放的影响

为研究生物炭对底泥污染物释放的影响,将芦竹茎、芦苇茎、花生壳及玉米芯利用限氧升温炭化法烧制成生物炭(Biochar),在模拟反应器中覆盖在受污染底泥上,研究生物炭对上覆水NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、COD及PO34--P浓度的影响,并计算各指标累积释放量及释放速率;同时测定了生物炭可溶性NH4+-N和PO34--P的释放量.结果表明,未覆盖生物炭的对照组上覆水氨氮浓度在第25 d达到最大值4.27 mg·L-1,之后稳定在4.02 mg·L-1左右,而4种生物炭处理组在第25 d以后,氨氮浓度稳定在0.3 mg·L-1以下,其中芦苇处理组抑制效果最明显,氨氮累积释放量减少了85.61%;4种生物炭组COD累积释放量较未添加生物炭处理组减少了28.83%～30%;玉米芯生物炭处理组磷酸盐浓度高于对照组,芦竹及花生壳处理组对底泥磷的释放抑制效果较好.生物炭NH4+-N和PO34--P的释放量在前3 d最大,花生壳生物炭组氨氮释放量最大,为36.79mg·kg-1,玉米芯生物炭处理组磷酸盐释放量最大,为70.64 mg·kg-1.结果表明生物炭对底泥NH4+-N、COD及PO34--P的释放有削减作用,具有应用到污染水体底泥修复的潜力.     

秦岭植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候变化与人类活动的双重响应

论文基于MODIS-NDVI数据、DEM及气象数据,辅以趋势分析、多元回归残差法、偏最小二乘回归法,反演了秦岭地区2000—2015年植被覆盖度及分析了其“格局—过程—趋势”的变化特征,探究了其对气候变化与人类活动的双重响应机制。结果表明：1）秦岭地区近16 a来植被覆盖度呈显著上升趋势,增速为2.77%/10 a,呈“中间高、周边低,西部高、东部低,南坡高、北坡低”的空间格局,植被覆盖度随海拔的升高在2 200 m左右达到最大,700~3 200 m达0.7以上,1 300~2 700 m达0.9以上,3 400 m以上为0.5以下的低值区;2）秦岭地区的植被覆盖与气候因子的响应关系存在明显的空间差异,对气温的响应总体上没有明显的时滞效应,而与降水的响应存在以滞后1个月为主的时滞效应;3）人类活动对秦岭地区植被变化的作用日趋增强,且以正向作用为主,主要分布在东部地区,而负向作用则分布于中部和西部地区;4）秦岭地区植被变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果,影响因子对植被覆盖变化的解释能力依次为人类活动>降水>气温>潜在蒸散量。     

地被物对土壤水分动态和水量平衡的影响研究

通过土壤水分渗漏装置试验研究了百喜草( Paspalum notatum) 及其枯落物在红壤坡地对土 壤水分动态和水量平衡的影响。结果表明, 百喜草覆盖(A) 、百喜草敷盖(B) 、裸露对照(C) 的地表径 流系数分别为1.35%、2.78%和32.74%, C 的地表径流量分别是A、B 的24.25 倍和11.78 倍。A、B、C 的月均土壤含水量变化规律显示, 地被物对土壤含水量的影响随季节的不同而不同, 不同地被物可 以增加或减少土壤水分。年均土壤含水量排列顺序是: B( 27.09%) >A( 26.46%) >C( 26.27%) 。不同处 理水量平衡各分量有较大差异。在2002 年降雨量1 808.5mm 的情况下, A、B、C 的年总径流深分别 为1 245.24、1 453.81 和1 383.23mm, 蒸散量分别为562.74、347.91 和413.82mm, 土壤蓄水年变化 量分别为0.52、6.78 和11.45mm。     

卫生和生物反应器填埋场夏季N2O释放的研究

采用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法现场监测了杭州市天子岭废弃物处理总场卫生填埋场和生物反应器填埋单元夏季的N₂O释放通量,并讨论了相关影响因素. 研究发现:卫生填埋场覆土后N₂O释放通量(以N₂O-N计)随垃圾填埋龄的增加而大幅降低,其均值(18.07 μg/(m2·h))为生物反应器填埋单元(5.57 μg/(m2·h))的3倍多. 垃圾填埋龄、覆土土质与结构及填埋场操作方式是影响填埋场N₂O释放的主要因素,这些因素均主要通过改变覆土的理化特性而影响N₂O的释放. 采用多元线性逐次回归分析得到:卫生填埋场N₂O与覆土含水率和有机碳(SOC)质量分数构成的线性方程显著相关(R2＝0.86,P<0.01);生物反应器填埋单元N₂O的释放通量与覆土含水率、碳氮比(w(C)/w(N))和w(NO₃-)构成的线性方程显著相关(R2=0.89,P<0.01).      

区域土地利用结构及其驱动因子的统计分析

采用经典的数理统计方法---典型相关分析,选择位于干旱半干旱过渡地带的榆林地区作为典型代表,对区域性土地利用结构及其驱动因子进行了统计分析。通过大型社会科学统计软件包ＳＰＳＳ操作运行,并对统计结果进行专业分析,定量诊断出各驱动因子对该区土地利用结构分布贡献作用的大小。同时运用典型相关系数和冗余度分析,对诊断结果进行了检验     

Isolated Spring Wetlands in the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts,USA: Potential Response of Vegetation to Groundwater Withdrawal

Desert springs, often the sole sources of water for wildlife and cattle, support wetland and wetland/upland transition ecosystems including rare and endemic species. In the basin and range province in Nevada, USA, springs in the Great Basin and Mojave deserts are sustained by interconnected deep carbonate and shallow basin-fill aquifers which are threatened by proposed groundwater withdrawal to sustain rapidly expanding urban areas, a common problem in arid regions worldwide. This paper draws on historic groundwater data, groundwater modeling, and studies of environmental controls of spring ecosystems to speculate on the potential effects of groundwater withdrawal and water table decline on spring-supported vegetation. The focus is on springs in the Great Basin and Mojave deserts representative of those that may be affected by future, planned groundwater withdrawal. Groundwater withdrawal is expected to reduce spring discharge directly through reduced flows from the shallow basin-fill aquifer or through reduction of the hydraulic head of the deep carbonate aquifer. This flow reduction will truncate the outflow stream, reducing the areal cover of wetland and wetland/upland transition vegetation. Lowering the local water table may also reduce the amount of upland phreatophytic vegetation by causing water levels to drop below plant rooting depths. Percolation of salts to surface soils may be reduced, eventually altering desert shrub cover from halophytes to nonhalophytes. The extent of these effects will vary among springs, based on their distance from extraction sites and location relative to regional groundwater flow paths. On-site monitoring of biotic variables (including cover of selected hygrophytes and phreatophytes) should be a necessary complement to the planned monitoring of local hydrologic conditions.     

Projecting Large-Scale Area Changes in Land Use and Land Cover for Terrestrial Carbon Analyses

One of the largest changes in US forest type areas over the last half-century has involved pine types in the South. The area of planted pine has increased more than 10-fold since 1950, mostly on private lands. Private landowners have responded to market incentives and government programs, including subsidized afforestation on marginal agricultural land. Timber harvest is a crucial disturbance affecting planted pine area, as other forest types are converted to planted pine after harvest. Conversely, however, many harvested pine plantations revert to other forest types, mainly due to passive regeneration behavior on nonindustrial private timberlands. We model land use and land cover changes as a basis for projecting future changes in planted pine area, to aid policy analysts concerned with mitigation activities for global climate change. Projections are prepared in two stages. Projected land use changes include deforestation due to pressures to develop rural land as the human population expands, which is a larger area than that converted from other rural lands (e.g., agriculture) to forestry. In the second stage, transitions among forest types are projected on land allocated to forestry. We consider reforestation, influences of timber harvest, and natural succession and disturbance processes. Baseline projections indicate a net increase of about 5.6 million ha in planted pine area in the South over the next 50 years, with a notable increase in sequestered carbon. Additional opportunities to expand pine plantation area warrant study of landowner behavior to aid in designing more effective incentives for inducing land use and land cover changes to help mitigate climate change and attain other goals.     

雀儿山西南坡植被碳贮量估算及影响因素分析

在“3S”技术支持下,利用ASTER卫星图像,建立波段亮度值与植被碳密度间的回归方程,对横断山区西北部的雀儿山西南坡四种植被类型(针叶林、阔叶林、灌木、草)的植被碳贮量进行了估算并分析其影响因素。结果表明,在雀儿山西南坡365.85km2范围内,植被碳贮量共计2.05×106t。区内植被碳密度总体上呈团块状分布,其高值区(125~250t/hm2)主要分布在研究区域北部的俄产至春龙段和南部的金沙江沿岸的格乌、折松渡等地区;中等区域(60~125t/hm2)从北部的俄产至南部的岗托沿色曲河均有分布;而低值区(1~60t/hm2)面积最广,主要分布于北部的贡布堆、上压吧和更庆以南的色曲河河谷内,并在南部的岗托至申龙达段金沙江沿岸形成一个狭长区域。在其影响因素上,不同的植被类型和土地利用方式下碳密度差异较大,而海拔、坡向和坡度对研究区内北部高山亚高山地区植被碳密度影响较南部干旱河谷地区明显。     

覆盖层甲烷氧化动力学和甲烷氧化菌群落结构

基于实际填埋场覆盖土建立了可实时在线监测生物气的模拟覆盖层系统,连续监测了不同垂直梯度生物气浓度变化.甲烷通量不变时,覆盖层内不同梯度生物气浓度基本保持不变,系统持续稳定运行,甲烷通量变化后2~3 h生物气可再次持续稳定.考察了覆盖层甲烷氧化特性与甲烷通量的关系,深度大于20 cm,氧气浓度随甲烷通量的增大呈减小趋势,表层氧气浓度与甲烷通量无相关性,不同梯度的甲烷氧化速率与甲烷通量呈正相关(R2变化范围0.851~0.999).为避免覆盖土脱离系统环境造成的误差,以动态连续监测结果为基础,利用双基质Michaelis-Menten方程拟合了覆盖层甲烷氧化动力学(R2范围为0.902~0.955),得到覆盖土半饱和常数Km为0.157~0.729,Km随深度的增加而增大.利用高通量测序技术分析了原始覆盖土和经模拟覆盖层运行后的甲烷氧化菌群落结构,运行后甲烷氧化菌OUT数量显著增多,优势菌群为Ⅰ型菌的Methylobacter和Methylophilaceae及Ⅱ型菌Methylocystis.