基于SWAT模型的黑河流域不同土地利用情景的非点源污染研究

以卫星遥感影像为基础,运用GIS与环境模型(SWAT2000)相结合的技术手段和景观生态学的研究方法,探讨了黑河流域土地利用与非点源污染的关系;从土地利用恶化与改善出发,对模型进行水量、泥沙和营养负荷部分的参数率定和验证并分析其在黑河流域的适用性,在此基础上通过对不同土地利用情景下非点源污染负荷的定量化分析,研究了土地利用/土地覆被变化对黑河流域非点源污染的影响过程.结果表明,随着流域林地面积的增加,流域径流深逐渐减少,水土流失量逐渐减少.从而使得流域产沙量也相应减少.林地的非点源污染单位负荷为:氮0.67kg·hm-2·a-1,磷0.11 kg·hm-2·a-1;耕地的单位负荷为:氮8.85 kg·hm-2·a-1,磷4.2kg·hm-2·a-1;当流域全部为林地时.总氮与总磷的负荷量分别为99.001t和17.145t.在2000年土地利用情景下总氮与总磷的负荷量分别为173.334t和38.653t;随着对植被的破坏,即土地恶化,会导致流域非点源污染的急剧增加;反之,随着退耕还林、水源涵养林保护工程的实施,流域水环境会得到极大的改善.     

喀斯特地区浅层地下水对植被退化的水文地球化学响应——以贵州荔波拉桥小流域为例

喀斯特地区植被退化的水文地球化学响应是喀斯特研究的重要内容之一,具有重要的科学和现实意义。选择贵州荔波拉桥小流域中四个不同植被类型的样地作为对象,按月采集浅层地下水(土壤水和表层泉水),对其进行水文地球化学各参数的分析。结果表明,土壤水中Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、EC和pH值,表层泉水中Cl-、NO3-和SO24-等对植被退化响应敏感;而土壤水中NO3-和SO24-,表层泉水中Mg2+、NH4+、HCO3-和EC,以及土壤水和表层泉水中δ13 CDIC值则可能还受到其他过程的影响,需谨慎使用。由此可见,对于土壤层,阳离子和与土壤CO2气体浓度有关的HCO3-可能有较好的响应,而对于表层泉水,HCO3-以外的阴离子可能更敏感。     

Bird community responses to cattle stocking rates in a Pacific Northwest bunchgrass prairie

In 2006-2010, effects of four different cattle stocking rates (0, 14.4, 28.8, and 43.2 animal unit months) were compared, representing 0%, 20%, 32%, and 46% utilization of vegetation by domestic livestock, on vegetation structure (as indexed by visual obstruction), and songbird population and apparent nest density, community composition, and diversity in a Pacific Northwest bunchgrass prairie in northeastern Oregon, USA. Overall paddock-level visual obstruction decreased and structural heterogeneity increased with increasing stocking rates, and those effects carried over 1 year after grazing had ceased. Most species were able to locate nesting sites regardless of differences in visual obstruction, except western meadowlark and vesper sparrow, for which obstruction was lower in paddocks with higher stocking rates. Apparent nest density for grasshopper sparrows was negatively affected by higher stocking rates. Grazing effects on absolute songbird population density were restricted to negative effects of higher stocking rates on savannah sparrows, but this relationship was not observed until 1 year after grazing had ceased. Songbird community composition differed between control and heavily-grazed paddocks, driven by an increase in the proportion of horned larks and a decrease in the proportion of savannah sparrows in heavily-grazed paddocks from pre-treatment to post-treatment years. Bird diversity indices were unaffected by stocking rate. Negative effects of high stocking rates on densities of two species and the absence of any clear positive effect for the other three species suggest high stocking rates as applied in this experiment may not provide suitable habitat for all grassland songbirds. The absence of negative responses of density to low and moderate stocking rates suggests these grazing regimes generally provided suitable habitat for all species.     

Regional and Temporal Differences in Nitrate Trends Discerned from Long‐Term Water Quality Monitoring Data

Riverine nitrate (NO₃) is a well‐documented driver of eutrophication and hypoxia in coastal areas. The development of the elevated river NO₃ concentration is linked to anthropogenic inputs from municipal, agricultural, and atmospheric sources. The intensity of these sources has varied regionally, through time, and in response to multiple causes such as economic drivers and policy responses. This study uses long‐term water quality, land use, and other ancillary data to further describe the evolution of river NO₃ concentrations at 22 monitoring stations in the United States (U.S.). The stations were selected for long‐term data availability and to represent a range of climate and land‐use conditions. We examined NO₃ at the monitoring stations, using a flow‐weighting scheme meant to account for interannual flow variability allowing greater focus on river chemical conditions. River NO₃ concentration increased strongly during 1945‐1980 at most of the stations and have remained elevated, but stopped increasing during 1981‐2008. NO₃ increased to a greater extent at monitoring stations in the Midwest U.S. and less so at those in the Eastern and Western U.S. We discuss 20th Century agricultural development in the U.S. and demonstrate that regional differences in NO₃ concentration patterns were strongly related to an agricultural index developed using principal components analysis. This unique century‐scale dataset adds to our understanding of long‐term NO₃ patterns in the U.S.     

1975—2005年中亚土地利用/覆被变化对森林生态系统碳储量的影响

土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)对碳循环的影响研究已覆盖全球绝大多数地区,但中亚LUCC对森林生态系统碳库的影响仍属未知。论文以人工林面积、森林产品收获产量及林地转移面积为基础数据,应用Bookkeeping模型,分析了1975—2005年期间三种LUCC方式对中亚森林碳库的影响。近30 a LUCC对其碳库的影响总体表现为碳汇,固碳量为3.07 Tg。植树造林表现出强烈的碳汇功能,总固碳量为12.97 Tg。森林采伐是最主要的碳释放来源,共释放碳5.80 Tg。林地转移呈现较强的碳释放特征,共排放为4.10 Tg。结果表明1975—2005年该区域LUCC对森林碳库具有明显的增汇效应。研究结果将有利于减少LUCC对全球碳收支影响的不确定性。     

土壤粒径、氮素及重金属对填埋场覆土CH_4氧化的影响

采用批式培养试验重点研究了土壤粒径、NH4+-N和NO3--N及重金属〔Zn和Cr(Ⅵ)〕含量对填埋场砂性覆土及一般砂土CH4氧化能力的影响.结果表明:合适的土壤粒径能显著提高砂性覆土和一般砂土的CH4氧化能力(P0.05),当粒径为1.00~2.00 mm时,砂性覆土和一般砂土的CH4氧化速率分别高达0.24和0.12μmol/(g·h).低浓度NH4+-N或NO3--N均可以促进砂性覆土和一般砂土的CH4氧化,而高浓度则会明显抑制CH4氧化.砂性覆土和一般砂土的外源氨氮和外源NO3--N的投加量(以w计)临界值均为200 mg/kg,砂性覆土对NH4+-N浓度的波动有更好的适应能力;重金属Zn、Cr(Ⅵ)对砂性覆土和一般砂土CH4氧化的抑制作用均随浓度的升高而增强,Zn对砂性覆土CH4氧化的抑制作用程度大于Cr,并且Zn对一般砂土CH4氧化的抑制程度明显强于砂性覆土.为此,筛选合适粒径级配的土壤,同时控制覆土中氮素及重金属的本底含量,有利于填埋场CH4氧化.     

地理特征、人口分布及用电负荷对深圳城市热岛效应的影响分析

利用自动站气温资料计算了深圳市的城市热岛强度,并分析了海陆分布、人口密度、道路占地面积百分比及用电负荷等因素对深圳城市热岛效应的影响.结果表明,海陆分布是决定深圳城市热岛强度空间分布格局的主要因子,深圳东西两侧海洋的气候调节作用使得热岛强度相对较低,而中部地区南临香港陆地,海洋调节作用较弱,使得这部分地区成为深圳城市热岛的中心.人口密度和道路占地面积百分比对深圳城市热岛强度空间分布格局均有影响,它们与城市热岛强度之间的相关性显著（p〈0.01）,但道路占地百分比最密集的地区,城市热岛强度值却并不高,这可能与该区域较大的年平均风速有关.对2011年和2010年的数据进行对比分析,发现电力负荷对深圳城市热岛强度有着非常明显的影响,2011年深圳年平均城市热岛强度的增加,极有可能是由于2011年冬季更冷夏季更热导致用电负荷增加而造成的.     

土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响--以武汉市为例

分析了1996～2001年武汉市快速城市化区域土地利用/土地覆盖变化,并计算由此导致的生态系统服务价值变化。应用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,采用谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表进行计算,结果发现：①在研究期内,研究区耕地、草地、水域和未利用地在减少,其中耕地减少最多,达12.32×103 hm2,林地、湿地和建设用地在增加,建设用地增加最多,为11.70×103 hm2;②ESV由1996年的457.74×107元减少到2001年的456.14×107元,5年减少1.61×107元;③生态系统单项服务功能价值中的气体调节、气候调节、原材料和娱乐文化在增加,气候调节增幅最大,达8.51%,水源涵养、土壤形成和保护、废物处理、生物多样性保护和食物生产在减少,食物生产减幅最大,达7.42%;④敏感性分析表明,ESV对生态价值系数(Value Coefficient, VC)缺乏弹性,研究结果可信。     

一种新型飞机防护罩的防腐蚀性能评价

目的 对一种新型飞机防护罩的防腐蚀性能进行评价.方法 首先,对新型飞机防护罩进行气相缓蚀能力检测;其次,根据加速环境试验谱,将被新型飞机防护罩与防水帆布包裹的铝合金试件进行盐雾试验和紫外试验;最后,将新型飞机防护罩与防水帆布进行浸泡试验.结果 新型飞机防护罩的气化性防锈膜层缓蚀效果较好.在盐雾试验中,试件的腐蚀程度顺序...     

环保,高效,节能的天车通过式集烟罩

文章介绍了天车通过式电炉烟气捕集罩的原理及设计要点,与传统的屋顶罩相比,它投资低,能耗低,烟气捕集率高,是符合我国国情的较为理想的适用于大、中型超高功率电炉的烟气捕集罩,具有广泛的推广前景。