黄河源区积雪变化时空特征及其与气候要素的关系

基于1979~2016年积雪深度数据和同期气象站点的降水、气温观测资料,分析了黄河源区年均雪深和积雪天数的时空间演变规律,采用弹性系数法和相关性分析法研究降水、气温对积雪的影响及其空间规律.结果表明,黄河源区积雪期集中在11月到次年4月,源头以及西北高山区积雪初日较早,终日较迟,同时也是年均雪深高值区,积雪天数较长.研究期（1979~2016）内黄河源区面均降水量呈现不显著的减少趋势,下降率为-2.43mm/10a,气温显著上升.面均年均雪深和积雪天数都呈现下降趋势,但趋势在0.05水平上不显著.积雪天数对积雪期降水、气温的弹性系数分别为0.513和-1.347,年均雪深的弹性系数分别为0.696和-0.219,高山寒冷的研究区上游的年均积雪对降水、气温变化更为敏感.降水减少是黄河源区积雪天数下降的主要影响因素,贡献率约为77.2%.积雪期降水和气温对年均雪深变化的贡献率分别为43.7%和56.3%.降水对黄河源区西部和北部年均雪深变化的贡献率较高,在南部和东部气温是影响年均雪深的优势因素.     

2001-2010年青海湖流域植被覆盖时空变化特征

基于2001—2010年MODIS-EVI时间序列数据反演了青海湖流域植被覆盖的空间格局和变化规律,并结合气象观测数据,在年际、月际等不同时间尺度上分析了植被变化及其对气候变化的响应以及驱动机制。结果表明:(1)2001—2010年青海湖流域总体植被变化趋于变好,EVI值10年共增长10.38%,其中春季和夏季植被增长率最大,10年增长率分别达到15.2%和18.63%;(2)植被对气候因子的响应具有明显的空间异质性。流域内植被覆盖增加的区域占全流域面积的70.68%,其中显著增加的区域占8.2%,主要分布在布哈河中游以及青海湖北部草场地区,植被覆盖下降的区域占总面积的29.32%,主要分布在西北高海拔地区以及青海湖湖滨沙地;(3)植被变化对气候因子的响应具有复杂性,在不同时间尺度上EVI和气候因子相关性不同。在年际尺度上,EVI和气温的相关系数是0.29,和降水无明显相关性;但比较10年中的生长季,即植被生长5—9月的EVI和气温、降水相关性为0.33和0.27,这里降水相关性显著增高,总体上说,气温是年际植被变化的主导因素。在月际尺度上,EVI和气温、降水强烈相关,相关系数分别为0.76、0.86(P0.01)。青海湖地区地处高海拔地区,且雨热同季,某种程度上揭示了高原植被的生长策略和对气候的响应机制。     

Understanding land cover change in a Special Protection Area in Central Spain through the enhanced land cover transition matrix and a related new approach

This work analyses land cover changes occurring between 1990 and 2000 within a Natural Protected Area, southwest of Madrid (Spain). We develop a new methodology that considers the net change in different land cover categories in each municipality of the study area. Our methodology, which uses Factorial Correspondence Analysis, allows identification of the most important changes at the municipality level and groups the municipalities where land use dynamics are similar. This method is a powerful tool for synthesis and can potentially be applied to non-spatial geographical data sources (e.g. agrarian census statistics). Our results show that the land cover around SW Madrid is highly dynamic. The shrub vegetation, arable land, heterogeneous agricultural and human-created area categories show the highest total change. The dynamics of the changes detected are dominated by decreases in the area of different types of crops and increases in forest areas. These changes may have indirect effects on the conservation of natural resources and wildlife if not managed appropriately.     

Spatial and temporal variation in nutrient parameters in stream water in a rural-urban catchment, Shikoku, Japan: effects of land cover and human impact

Seasonal and spatial variations in major ion chemistry and isotope composition in the rural-urban catchment of the Shigenobu River were monitored to determine the influences of agricultural and urban sewage systems on water quality. Temporal patterns of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and suspended sediment (SS) were examined at four sites in the rural-urban catchment. Urban land cover, incorporating the effects of increased population, domestic water use, and industrial wastewater, was positively associated with increases in water pollution and was included as an important explanatory variable for the variations in all water quality parameters. Significant trends were found in each parameter. BOD concentrations ranged widely, and were high in urban regions, due to the presence of a waste water treatment plant. TN and SS showed various trends, but did not vary widely, unlike TP. TP concentrations varied greatly, with high concentrations in cultivated areas, due to fertilizer use. Local water quality management or geology could further explain some of the variations in water quality. Non-point-source pollution exhibited strong positive spatial autocorrelation, indicating that incorporating spatial dimensions into water quality assessment enhances our understanding of spatial patterns of water quality. Data from the Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) and Environment Ministry (EM) were used to investigate trends in land management. Stepwise regression analysis was used to test the correlation between specific management practises and substance concentrations in surface water and sediment. MLIT and EM data for 1981-2003 showed an increase in TN, TP, and SS concentrations in surface water. High levels of fertilizer in dormant sprays and domestic water use were associated with high pesticide concentrations in water and sediment. This paper presents a novel method of studying the environmental impact of various agricultural management practises and recommends a management strategy that combines the use of reduced-risk pesticides with irrigation and non-irrigation periods in paddy fields.     

Greenery on residential buildings: Does it affect preferences and perceptions of beauty?

Recently there has been a surge in the number of green roofs and façades (vegetation on the roofs & walls of a building) installed in the UK, with advocation of their use by policy-makers and claims that they are aesthetically pleasing and promote restoration. But these claims rely on generalisations from different landscapes, raising concerns about validity. The present study examined whether houses with vegetation would be more preferred than those without, be perceived as more beautiful and restorative, and have a more positive affective quality. Differences between types of building-integrated vegetation were also examined. Two studies were conducted: an online survey in which participants (N = 188) rated photographs of houses with and without vegetation on each of these measures, and interviews (N = 8) which examined preference and installation concerns. Results showed that houses with (some types of) building-integrated vegetation were significantly more preferred, beautiful, restorative, and had a more positive affective quality than those without. The ivy façade and meadow roof rated highest on each. These findings are consistent with other areas of landscape research and the claims of those in the industry, and suggest that building-integrated vegetation would be a valuable addition to the urban environment.     

过去300年台湾省耕地面积时空变化重建

作为拓垦过程和人地交互作用显著的代表性区域,对台湾省历史耕地时空变化重建的研究,有利于深化对海峡两岸历史土地变化过程特征、差异和规律的认识。基于历史文献和统计年鉴,以历史人口数据为代用资料,分析了耕地和人口记录特征后,综合采用引用替代、线性内插、隐匿系数修正法、人均耕地系数法和余粮规模检验等方法,估算和订正了近300年来中国台湾省历史耕地的时空变化。结果表明：（1）台湾省耕地总量,由荷据时期的0.91×10⁴ hm²增长到当前的79.30×10⁴ hm²,增加了近86.60倍,阶段特征大体呈先增加后持续减少的态势,清前中期呈平稳低速增长,日据时期呈快速波动增长,国民党治台后中前期呈波动缓慢增长,中后期呈逐步降低态势。（2）百年尺度下,台湾省水田和旱田变化规律存在明显差异;水田规模呈先增加再波动后逐步减少的态势,旱田呈先增加再减少而后逐步增加的态势;1931年以前,旱田比例均高于水田,峰值期高了3%~5%;之后,水田比例超过旱地,居于优势地位,1936—1965年水田比例平均高于旱田22.23%。（3）台湾省的土地垦殖过程具有空间拓展性和区域不平衡性,土地开垦经历了由点到面、由南到北、由西往东的发展过程;台南地区是最先被开垦的区域,其后依次是台中和台北,台东地区是最后才被垦殖的区域;台南地区的垦殖强度一直高于其他地区,最高时达36.71%。（4）HYDE数据集与本文结果均呈逐步上升态势,但两者耕地规模和变化过程差异显著,国际数据集并不能反映近300年来台湾省耕地变化的客观史实。     

替代能源措施对区域土地覆盖和土壤侵蚀的影响

以三峡地区的乐天溪流域为例，利用多时相Landsat TM/ETM影像、文献和野外调查资料研究了替代能源对流域土地利用和土壤侵蚀的影响。通过几年替代能源措施实施，乐天溪流域林草覆盖率由1997年的80.6%增加到2002年的83.2%；不仅林草覆盖率增长，而且质量也有较大提高，覆盖度较高的林地和灌丛面积增幅达18.1%和9.1%，相反疏林面积减少37.9%。强度、中度和轻度侵蚀面积分别减少了4.6 km2、26.4 km2和11.5 km2；流域的土壤侵蚀总量由507 259t减至371 592 t，减少26.8%；流域的平均侵蚀模数由1 241 t/km2减至909 t/km2。     

1991－2001年南昌市土地利用/覆被变化特征研究

土地利用/覆被变化是区域变化的重要组成部分，是短时期内人类活动对自然环境改造的显著表现形式。南昌市地处京广线和沿海地区之间，属于经济欠发达地区的省会城市。近年来，社会经济发展迅速，城镇化进程明显加快，土地利用变化显著。文章利用1991—2001年南昌市土地详查和变更数据，分析南昌市土地利用/覆被变化特征，其基本结论有： （1）土地利用类型构成以耕地、水域和林地为主；（2）建设用地增幅显著，而耕地数量则呈下降态势，土地利用结构的变化与城镇的发展密切相关；（3）从土地利用程度看，不论是单项指标指数还是综合指数，南昌市均高于全国平均水平；（4）从时间序列看，南昌市土地利用/覆被的多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐增大，而优势度指数逐渐减小，指数变化的趋势还表现为前一时期（1991—1996年）比后一时期（1996—2001年）要大，这表明土地利用/覆被的破碎化程度持续加强，但后期的加强程度呈弱化趋势。     

基于CLUE-S模型的重庆市主城区土地利用情景模拟

以重庆市主城区为研究区,采用120m×120m栅格大小的数据为模拟基准,借助CLUE-S模型、情景分析法、SPSS软件及ArcGIS10.1软件建立了数量变化和空间分布变化相结合的不同情景下土地利用/覆盖变化的动态模拟模型,并对研究区不同情景下的土地利用/覆盖动态变化进行了模拟,模型综合考虑各种宏观驱动因子与土地利用变化之间的关系,较全面地考虑了多种土地利用/覆盖变化驱动因子,并利用SPSS软件进行相关性分析,确定了各因子的回归模型,提高了模拟结果的精度,通过对已有数据的模拟及精度分析,整体模拟精度达86%以上,在一定程度上反映了该模型在研究高分辨率土地利用/覆盖变化方面有很好的适应性,对土地利用/覆盖变化的复杂性研究和相关部门对土地布局、规划方面具有一定的参考价值。模拟结果表明:到2030年湿地、人工用地、林地将增加,耕地和其它用地减少,草地在不同的情景下均有稍微的增加,耕地和人工用地是变化最大的两种类型,随着时间的推移耕地和林地面积不断接近甚至持平,研究区西部及西南部变化比较明显。     

2003~2009年鄱阳湖流域土壤水分时空变化特征及影响因素

鄱阳湖流域水文过程是区域研究的热点问题,但相对于其它水文要素而言,土壤水分的时空分布特征及其影响因素尚缺乏系统研究,成为流域水文过程研究不确定性的主要来源之一。采用AMSR E土壤水分数据,从流域、子流域及地表覆被等不同的空间尺度,阐明了鄱阳湖流域2003～2009年土壤水分的年际与年内变化特征,并分析其影响因素。研究表明：在流域尺度上,土壤水分总体呈现中心低、周边高的“漏斗式”空间分布形态,但夏、秋季节空间差异性减弱,年际土壤水分呈现较强的下降趋势,其中以湖区下降速度最大;在地表覆被尺度上,林地土壤水分最高、年际下降速度最低,表明其在年际尺度上对干旱具有较强的调节作用,不同地表覆被类型的土壤水分年内差异较明显,但在6、7及10月差异较小,地表覆被对土壤水分的调节作用减弱;在影响因素方面,降水是土壤水分的主要影响因素,气温、灌溉等则一定程度上影响了土壤水分的变化特征。研究结果不仅有利于加强对流域水文过程的理解与认识,同时可为水资源管理及防旱抗旱等提供科学的辅助依据