1980~2010年江苏沿海城市土地利用变化及其与环境因子关系分析——以东台市为例

2009年江苏省沿海开发规划上升为国家战略,了解江苏沿海城市过去土地利用变化轨迹以及驱动因子是未来江苏省沿海城市土地利用规划的重要基础性工作。基于5期TM30 m×30 m RS遥感影像和GIS技术,分析东台市1980~2010年土地利用结构与变化轨迹,并通过典型对应分析(CCA)分析其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,东台市1980~2010年主要土地利用类型为耕地(2029.02 km²)、建设用地(155.31 km²)、草地(60.41 km²)和水域(56.56 km²)。近30年土地利用变化量占总面积的16.98%,其中耕地、草地和建设用地变化量最大。土地利用变化最主要轨迹为耕地转建设用地,主要位于市区及周边地区,其次为草地转耕地,主要位于海岸带地区。东台市土地利用变化热点区域分别为市中心和海岸带,二者相距较远,相对独立。CCA分析显示城镇、交通和斑块形状复杂程度等是影响沿海城市土地利用变化的重要因子,海岸线作为沿海城市主要特征,随着海岸滩涂围垦开发,到海岸距离也是沿海城市土地利用变化的重要影响因子。因此,在沿海城市土地利用规划中需要重点考虑城镇布局、交通等基础设施分布、斑块的形状等因子,通过海岸带土地利用方式转变来加强市区与海岸带之间联系,促进社会经济转变,进一步保护海岸生态环境,提高海岸开发综合效益,引导土地利用走向可持续发展道路。     

嘉陵江流域植被覆盖时空变化特征

归一化植被指数(Normal Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)能够反映植被的繁茂程度,可用来揭示环境的演化,并且能在全球变化研究中起到“指示器”的作用。目前利用NDVI研究植被变化多集中于陕西、甘肃、新疆等地区,对嘉陵江流域的植被变化趋势及其影响因素研究很少。利用线性相关分析方法分析GIMMS NDVI数据,借助于地理信息系统软件,分析嘉陵江流域植被覆盖的时空变化规律。研究结果如下：（1）嘉陵江流域在1982～2006年植被覆盖呈微弱上升趋势,与我国其它地区一致,但增长速率大小不一样;（2）嘉陵江流域植被覆盖明显优于黄土高原、西北地区,存在明显的空间差异,南部地区小于北部地区;（3）植被变化也存在空间差异,南部地区多呈增加趋势,而北部地区多呈减少趋势;（4）嘉陵江流域植被覆盖及其变化与气候变化和人类活动均有密切关系。基于分析,发现嘉陵江流域在人类活动和气候变化的双重影响下,环境向有利的方向发展。     

Vegetation and soil recovery in wilderness campsites closed to visitor use

Recreational use of wilderness results in impacts to vegetation and soil in trails and campsites. Traditionally, campsite impact studies have compared campsites receiving various levels of use with unused control areas. Field studies in Sequoia National Park, California, indicate that the degree of impact to vegetation and soils also varies within campsites. The central areas of campsites, where trampling is concentrated, show lower plant species diversity, differences in relative species cover, more highly compacted soils, and lower soil nutrient concentrations than do peripheral, moderately trampled, and untrampled areas within the same campsite. Three years after closure to visitor use, the central areas show less increase in mean foliar plant cover, and soils remain more highly compacted than in previously moderately trampled areas of the same sites. Changes in relative species cover over time are used to assess both resiliency to trampling and species composition recovery within campsites closed to visitor use.     

Landscape Change and Ecosystem Classification in a Municipal District of a Small City (Isernia,Central Italy)

Landscape changes taking place from 1954 to 1992 in the muncipal district of Isernia city (Central Italy) were described in relation to a system of ecosystem classification. Isernia municipal district was selected for study because recent historic changes in this area represent a typical example of landscape transformation similar to many small cities of Italy and other Mediterranean countries. To assess overall changes, three land cover maps (scale 1:25,000) were derived from panchromatic aerial photographs and field surveys. These were then digitalised in a Geographic Information System. A Land Facet (LF) map was derived by combining a phytoclimatic, a lithostatigrafic and a topographic map, and then digitalised as data layers in the same GIS. Results demonstrated two main landscape transformation trends: forest and semi-natural areas increased (8%), whereas agricultural areas decreased (12%). The urban area was relatively small during the entire analysed period, growing from 1% in 1954, to just 5% in 1992. Forest coverage was significant on reliefs, on hillside ecosystems such as limestone and on clay and marl hills LF. Arable land was particularly significant in flat ecosystems with deeper soils, such as on recent alluvial plain LF. These temporal changes were interpreted as being related to the replacement of traditional farming methods (grazing pastures) with more intensive methods (crop fields), especially on alluvial plains.     

填埋场覆盖土对典型氯代烃的吸附特性

覆盖土吸附能力的有效评估对填埋场中挥发性氯代烃（VCHs）污染物的控制有重要意义.全面考察了二氯甲烷（DCM）、三氯甲烷（TCM）、1,1,2-三氯乙烷（1,1,2-TCA）、四氯化碳（CT）、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯（c-1,2-DCE）、三氯乙烯（TCE）、四氯乙烯（PCE）和氯苯（CB）8种VCHs在填埋场覆盖层中的吸附特性.结果显示,氯代烷烃和氯代芳烃在覆盖层土壤中吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型（R²=0.65~0.87）,氯代烯烃在覆盖层土壤中吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型（R²=0.87~0.96）.基于拟合结果预测了覆盖土对VCHs的吸附能力,结果表明VCHs的吸附速率随氯取代数的增多而增大;具有相同氯原子取代数目的氯代烃,覆盖土对氯代烯烃和氯苯的吸附量大于氯代烷烃.因此,在填埋场运行管理中,VCHs中浓度较高的氯代烷烃应该是优先治理的污染物之一.覆盖土中VCHs的吸附平衡时间约为20h,吸附速率变化范围为26~250 μg/（g_soil·h）,远高于文献报道中覆盖土对VCHs的最大降解速率.可以推断,强化覆盖土的生物氧化活性可更有效减少VCHs对环境的不利影响.     

顾及空间自相关性的高分遥感影像中建设用地的变化检测

在中国城市化的进程中,建设用地常常连片分布,其开发在空间上具有明显的聚集性,表现出较强的空间自相关性,这在高空间分辨率的遥感图像中更加明显。基于2016年、2017年两期南京市域内的北京2号3.2 m多光谱遥感图像,对比分析了引入变化向量的空间自相关指数作为图像特征后建设用地遥感变化检测的性能。首先提取遥感图像光谱变化向量的局部G指数、Moran's I和Geary's C三个典型空间自相关指数,然后确定适用于变化检测的最优空间间隔（Lag）范围和最优自相关指数。结果表明：（1）光谱变化向量在空间上具有显著的正相关性。（2）全局Moran's I和半方差函数相结合可以确定最优的Lag范围。（3）在光谱变化向量的基础上加入局部G指数和局部Moran's I能够提高检测精度,F1分数表明前者优于后者。（4）在光谱变化向量的基础上加入最优Lag范围内的局部G指数作为附加图像特征,F1分数比只使用光谱变化向量提高了20%以上。融合空间自相关信息,特别是多尺度局部G指数作为遥感图像特征可有效地提高连片区域建设用地的变化检测精度。     

THE IMPACT OF RUNOFF GENERATION MECHANISMS ON THE LOCATION OF CRITICAL SOURCE AREAS1

ABSTRACT: Identifying phosphorus (P) source areas and transport pathways is a key step in decreasing P loading to natural water systems. This study compared the effects of two modeled runoff generation processes ‐ saturation excess and infiltration excess ‐ on total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in 10 catchment streams of a Catskill mountain watershed in southeastern New York. The spatial distribution of runoff from forested land and agricultural land was generated for both runoff processes; results of both distributions were consistent with Soil Conservation Service‐Curve Number (SCS‐CN) theory. These spatial runoff distributions were then used to simulate stream concentrations of TP and SRP through a simple equation derived from an observed relation between P concentration and land use; empirical results indicate that TP and SRP concentrations increased with increasing percentage of agricultural land. Simulated TP and SRP stream concentrations predicted for the 10 catchments were strongly affected by the assumed runoff mechanism. The modeled TP and SRP concentrations produced by saturation excess distribution averaged 31 percent higher and 42 percent higher, respectively, than those produced by the infiltration excess distribution. Misrepresenting the primary runoff mechanism could not only produce erroneous concentrations, it could fail to correctly locate critical source areas for implementation of best management practices. Thus, identification of the primary runoff mechanism is critical in selection of appropriate models in the mitigation of nonpoint source pollution. Correct representation of runoff processes is also critical in the future development of biogeochemical transport models, especially those that address nutrient fluxes.     

WATERSHED IMPERVIOUSNESS IMPACTS ON STREAM CHANNEL CONDITION IN SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA1

ABSTRACT: Forty‐six independent stream reaches in southeastern Pennsylvania were surveyed to assess the relationships between geomorphic and habitat variables and watershed total impervious area (TIA) and to test the ability of the impervious cover model (ICM) to predict the impervious category based on stream reach variables. Ten variables were analyzed using simple and multivariate statistical techniques including scatter‐plots, Spearman's Rank correlations, principal components analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA). Graphical analysis suggested differences in the response to TIA between the stream reaches with less than 13 percent TIA and those with greater than 24 percent TIA. Spearman's Rank correlations showed significant relationships for large woody debris and sinuosity when analyzing the entire dataset and for depth diversity and the standard deviation of maximum pool depths when analyzing stream reaches with greater than 24 percent TIA. Classification into the ICM using DA was 49 percent accurate; however, the stream reaches did support the ICM in other ways. These results indicate that stream reach response to urbanization may not be consistent across geographical regions and that local conditions (specifically riparian buffer vegetation) may significantly affect channel response; and the ICM, used in the appropriate context, can aid in the management of stream reaches and watersheds.     

小尺度热点地区土地利用/覆被变化研究--以淮南市为例

利用指数模型方法,从区域土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)的速度、土地流向、空间结构和土地利用程度等方面对淮南市1996～2003年间土地利用变更数据进行了定量描述和分析,揭示了淮南市土地利用及变化的特征,并针对在工矿和居民点整理复垦、土地利用程度等方面存在的问题提出了相应建议,为实现土地资源的合理利用提供科学依据.     

Georelational Analysis of Soil Type, Soil Salt Content, Landform, and Land Use in the Yellow River Delta, China

The Yellow River Delta, one of China’s three major river deltas, is becoming a major region for the development of agriculture and fisheries. Protecting the delicate ecology of newly formed aquatic systems as well as the evolution of soils, natural vegetation, and fauna on older upland environments in the delta is a priority in planning for the wise use of the delta’s resources for future agricultural development. In this article, we use a Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze relationships between land-use/land-cover characteristics in the Dongying municipality, one of the most intensely developed areas of the delta, and spatial variations in soil salinity and landforms. This analysis reveals that soil salt content decreases from regionally high values in isolated depressions to relatively moderate values in embanked former back swamps, with the lowest values occurring in abandoned river courses. Comparing the present land use on this soil salinity–landform pattern shows that it is basically at odds with general concepts of land suitability for agricultural utilization of saline soils. Crop-based agriculture in the region is probably overdeveloped, whereas more appropriate agricultural development, like cattle and forest production, is underrepresented. Future development should focus on converting farmland in embanked former back swamps and abandoned river courses into grasslands and forests. Crop-based agriculture (up to 151,000 ha) could be planned at the low-salinity terrace uplands and flood plains. The article provides guidelines for decision-makers regarding agricultural land use and wetland protection in the Yellow River Delta.