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961.
In New Zealand environmental management is essentially the responsibility of land managers. Management decisions affect both production/productivity and the environment. However, responsibility for ensuring positive environmental outcomes falls on both local (Regional) and Central Government, and both they and international agencies such as the OECD would wish to monitor and report on changes. In terms of policy, strong links have been established via Central and Regional Government to land managers. Consumers in the market place are also, increasingly, requiring responsibility for positive environmental outcomes of those who purchase and process primary products. Strong links for responsibility have been established between our international markets and processing businesses and there is a noticeable strengthening of the links from the processors to the land manager/producer. In New Zealand a range of initiatives has been developed and implemented over recent times, whereby land managers are taking increasing responsibility for accounting for the environmental outcomes of their production activities. The range covers the spectrum from voluntary to compulsory (e.g., in order to meet market requirements) and from those initiated by customers to processor and/or producer initiatives. This paper follows the evolution of the principles that drove the predominant activities of the period and the processes that initiated the changes in environmental management. As the focus of agriculturalists changed from pioneering in a new world, to establishing a production base, to economic reality, and finally to environmental responsibility, the processes of extension adapted to meet the new challenge. 相似文献
962.
Faced with society's increasing expectations, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) review considers environmental management to be an ever more critical criterion in the allocation of farm subsidies. With the goal of evaluating the environmental friendliness of farm practices, France's agricultural research and extension services have built a range of agricultural/environmental diagnostic tools over recent years. The objective of the present paper is to compare the five tools most frequently used in France: IDEA, DIAGE, DIALECTE, DIALOGUE and INDIGO. All the tools have the same purpose: evaluation of the impact of farm practices on the environment via indicators and monitoring of farm management practices. When tested on a sample of large-scale farms in Picardie, the five tools sometimes produced completely different results: for a given farm, the most supposedly significant environmental impacts depend on the tool used. These results lead to differing environmental management plans and raise the question of the methods' pertinence. An analysis grid of diagnostic tools aimed at specifying their field of validity, limits and relevance was drawn up. The resulting comparative analysis enables to define each tool's domain of validity and allows to suggest lines of thought for developing more relevant tools for (i) evaluating a farm's environmental performance and (ii) helping farmers to develop a plan for improving practices within the framework of an environmental management system. 相似文献
963.
Sullivan TJ Moore JA Thomas DR Mallery E Snyder KU Wustenberg M Wustenberg J Mackey SD Moore DL 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):958-965
An experimental study was conducted in Tillamook, Oregon, USA, to quantify the effectiveness of edge-of-field vegetated buffers
for reducing transport of fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) from agricultural fields amended with dairy cow manure. Installation
of vegetated buffers on loamy soils dramatically reduced the bacterial contamination of runoff water from manure-treated pasturelands,
but the size of the vegetated buffer was not an important determinant of bacterial removal efficiency. Only 10% of the runoff
samples collected from treatment cells having vegetated buffers exhibited FCB concentrations >200 colony forming units (cfu)/100
mL (a common water quality standard value), and the median concentration for all cells containing vegetated buffers was only
6 cfu/100 mL. The presence of a vegetated buffer of any size, from 1 to 25 m, generally reduced the median FCB concentration
in runoff by more than 99%. Results for FCB load calculations were similar. Our results suggest that where substantial FCB
contamination of runoff occurs from manure-treated pasturelands, it might be disproportionately associated with specific field
or management conditions, such as the presence of soils that exhibit low water infiltration and generate larger volumes of
runoff or the absence of a vegetated buffer. Buffer size regulations that do not consider such differences might not be efficient
or effective in reducing bacterial contamination of runoff. 相似文献
964.
The invasion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has resulted in enormous ecological and economic consequences worldwide. Although the spread of this weed in Africa, Australia,
and North America has been well documented, its invasion in China is yet to be fully documented. Here we report that since
its introduction about seven decades ago, water hyacinth has infested many water bodies across almost half of China’s territory,
causing a decline of native biodiversity, alteration of ecosystem services, deterioration of aquatic environments, and spread
of diseases affecting human health. Water hyacinth infestations have also led to enormous economic losses in China by impeding
water flows, paralyzing navigation, and damaging irrigation and hydroelectricity facilities. To effectively control the rampage
of water hyacinth in China, we propose a sustainability science-based management framework that explicitly incorporates principles
from landscape ecology and Integrated Pest Management. This framework emphasizes multiple-scale long-term monitoring and research,
integration among different control techniques, combination of control with utilization, and landscape-level adaptive management.
Sustainability science represents a new, transdisciplinary paradigm that integrates scientific research, technological innovation,
and socioeconomic development of particular regions. Our proposed management framework is aimed to broaden the currently dominant
biological control-centered view in China and to illustrate how sustainability science can be used to guide the research and
management of water hyacinth. 相似文献
965.
Copper is the biocide of choice for present-day antifouling (AF) paints. It is also a major source of copper loading in to
the marine environment and, as such, might cause local copper levels to exceed water quality criteria. The present study is
multifaceted and looks into the overall impact of copper-based AF paints on copper concentrations along a 64-km stretch of
the Indian River Lagoon and at Port Canaveral, Florida. This preliminary study is one of the first to outline issues and present
background evidence on the current status of copper and copper-based AF usage in Florida and to address the need for management.
Previous measurements of copper levels in these waters show a history of copper contamination close to marinas, boatyards,
and at Port Canaveral that often exceed state and federal water quality standards. Further, we estimate that the total annual
copper input into the Indian River Lagoon is between 1.7 tons/year (sailboats) and 2.1 tons/year (powerboats) from boats in
14 marinas. We estimate the copper input into Port Canaveral to be about 1.4 tons/year from seven cruise ships. A brief survey
of marina operators and boat owners revealed attitudes and practices associated with AF paint usage that ranged from excellent
to inferior. Management recommendations are made for a proactive approach to improving AF paint selection and application,
assessing the environmental status of copper, and redefining existing management practices for sustainable AF paint usage
and environmental health. 相似文献
966.
Analysis tools that combine large spatial and temporal scales are necessary for efficient management of wildlife species,
such as the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia). We assessed the ability of Ripley’s K-function analysis integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to determine changes in burrowing owl nest clustering
over two years at NASA Ames Research Center. Specifically, we used these tools to detect changes in spatial and temporal nest
clustering before, during, and after conducting management by mowing to maintain low vegetation height at nest burrows. We
found that the scale and timing of owl nest clustering matched the scale and timing of our conservation management actions
over a short time frame. While this study could not determine a causal link between mowing and nest clustering, we did find
that Ripley’s K and GIS were effective in detecting owl nest clustering and show promise for future conservation uses. 相似文献
967.
Reed MG 《Environmental management》2007,39(1):30-49
Advocates of community-based approaches to environmental management argue that by respecting local circumstances, skills,
and concerns we may improve the prospects of achieving environmental sustainability; yet, within nation states such as Canada,
environmental conditions, management and enforcement costs and capabilities, and power differentials within and among civic
and public sectors may result in a highly differentiated capacity for environmental management across different localities
and regions. This article draws on insights of political ecology to 1) create a conceptual framework that identifies key elements
shaping regional environmental management regimes and to 2) undertake a comparative analysis to assess how elements interact
to generate uneven management outcomes. I compare experiences of two Canadian biosphere reserves designated in 2000: Clayoquot
Sound, BC; and Redberry Lake, SK. Analysis reveals that differences in governance and institutional capacities in the biosphere
reserves are key to explaining uneven local outcomes. Where the public and civic sectors are strong, a robust and publicly
vetted form of management will emerge. Where these sectors are weak and land is held as private property, environmental nongovernmental
organizations can set the type and level of management, to the exclusion of effective civic and state involvement. This result
may improve environmental sustainability but hinder social sustainability of a management regime and raises questions about
the efficacy of community-based management. 相似文献
968.
An Interpretive Study of Yosemite National Park Visitors’ Perspectives Toward Alternative Transportation in Yosemite Valley 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
White DD 《Environmental management》2007,39(1):50-62
The National Park Service (NPS) is increasingly focusing on alternative transportation systems in national parks to address
environmental and social problems arising from a historical reliance on personal automobiles as the primary means of visitor
access. Despite the potential advantages, alternative transportation may require a reorientation in the way that Americans
have experienced national parks since the advent of auto-tourism in the early twentieth century. Little research exists, however,
on visitor perspectives towards alternative transportation or the rationale underlying their perspectives. It remains unclear
how transportation systems affect visitors’ experiences of the park landscape or the factors influencing their travel behavior
in the parks. This report presents an interpretive study of visitor perspectives toward transportation management in the Yosemite
Valley area of Yosemite National Park, California. Qualitative analysis of 160 semi-structured interviews identified individual
psychological factors as well as situational influences that affect visitors’ behavior and perspectives. Individual psychological
factors include perceived freedom, environmental values and beliefs, prior experience with Yosemite National Park and other
national parks, prior experience with alternative transportation in national parks, and sensitivity to subjective perceptions
of crowding. Situational factors included convenience, access, and flexibility of travel modes, as well as type of visit,
type of group, and park use level. Interpretive communication designed to encourage voluntary visitor use of alternative transportation
should focus on these psychological and situational factors. Although challenges remain, the results of this study suggest
approaches for shaping the way Americans visit and experience their national parks to encourage environmental sustainability. 相似文献
969.
Criteria for the Assessment of Sustainable Water Management 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Hedelin B 《Environmental management》2007,39(2):151-163
Pressure on the world’s water resources is increasing, restraining social and economic development in many countries, and
threatening ecological values in others. In order to manage water resources in a more sustainable manner, new planning methodologies/processes
for river basin management need to be developed. This study attempts to construct a set of useable normative criteria for
the analysis and evaluation of such processes. The criteria were designed as a response to the lack of deductive approaches
in the evaluation of methodologies and working procedures used in the context of river basin management, making it possible
to highlight their potential for sustainable development. The criteria are based on the twin concepts of participation and integration. These concepts function as well-established dimensions of both sustainable development and sustainable river basin management,
and they are of significant methodological relevance. A synthesis of the key aspects connected to the two concepts is undertaken,
based on a broad literature review. Focus is laid on how in methodological terms, and in relation to regional water management,
to achieve participation and integration in a decision-making or planning process. The criteria are concerned with how knowledge
and values are integrated into the planning process and how commitment, legitimacy, or acceptance for the resulting plan is
generated. 相似文献
970.
Lingyun Zhao Nan Li Tinglin Huang Haihan Zhang Fan Si Kai Li Yunzhi Qi Fengyao Hua Cheng Huang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(1):130-140
Naturally complete mixing promotes the spontaneous redistribution of dissolved oxygen(DO), representing an ideal state for maintaining good water quality, and conducive to the biomineralization of organic matter. Water lifting aerators(WLAs) can extend the periods of complete mixing and increase the initial mixing temperature. To evaluate the influence of artificial-induced continuously mixing on dissolved organic matter(DOM) removal performance, the variations of DOM concentrations, optical cha... 相似文献